SMITHSONIAN 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY 

BULLETIN    56 


ETHNOZOOLOGY  OF  THE 
TEWA  INDIANS 


BY 
JUNIUS  HENDERSON 

AND 

JOHN   PEABODY   HARRINGTON 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1914 


Lib 


i 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


THE  SCHOOL  OF  AMERICAN  ARCHAEOLOGY, 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.,  November  1,  1912. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  herewith  transmit  the  manuscript  of  a  paper  entitled 
•  'Ethnozoology  of  the  Tewa  Indians/'  by  Junius  Henderson  and  John 
P.  Harrington.  I  am  authorized  by  the  managing  committee  of  The 
School  of  American  Archaeology  to  offer  this  work  for  publication  by 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  as  a  part  of  the  results  of  the  coop 
erative  work  of  our  respective  institutions  during  1910  and  1911. 
I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

EDGAR  L.  HEWETT, 

Director,  The  School  of  American  Archseology . 
Mr.  F.  W.  HODGE, 

Ethnologist  in  Charge, 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,    Washington,  D.  C. 

in 


502  UO 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION, 
BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  November^,  1912. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit,  with  the  recommendation  that  it 
be  published  as  a  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  the 
manuscript  of  a  memoir  bearing  the  title  "  Ethnozoology  of  the  Tewa 
Indians,"  by  Junius  Henderson  and  John  P.  Harrington. 

This  "memoir  embodies  a  part  of  the  results  of  the  joint  researches 
conducted  in  New  Mexico  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  and 
The  School  of  American  Archaeology  during  1910  and  1911. 
Very  respectfully, 

F.  W.  HODGE, 
Ethnologist  in  Charge. 
Hon.  CHARLES  D.  WALCOTT, 

Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution. 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Phonetic  key ix 

General  considerations 1 

Classification  of  animals 9 

Annotated  list  of  animals 12 

Mammals 12 

Birds 33 

Reptiles 46 

Lizards 47 

Snakes 50 

Turtles 52 

Amphibians  (Batrachians) 52 

Salamanders,  frogs,  toads 53 

Fishes 54 

Insects 56 

Crustaceans,  myriapods,  and  arachnids 60 

Mollusks 61 

The  lower  invertebrates 67 

Coral 68 

Bibliography 69 

Index 73 

vn 


PHONETIC  KEY 

It  is  necessary  to  preface  this  memoir  with  a  key  to  the  Tewa 
sounds  and  the  symbols  adopted  to  represent  them. 

1.  Orinasal  vowels,   pronounced  with  mouth  and  nose  passages 
open:  a  (Eng.  father,   but  orinasal),  se.   (Eng.  man,   but  orinasal), 
g  (moderately  close  e,  orinasal),  \  (Portuguese  sim),  a  (French  pas, 
but  orinasal),  o  (moderately  close  o,  orinasal),  y,  (Portuguese  atura). 

2.  Oral  vowels,  pronounced  with  mouth  passage  open  and  nose 
passage  closed  by  the  velum:  a  (Eng.  father),  e  (moderately  close  e), 
i  (Eng.  routine),  o  (moderately  close  o),  u  (Eng.  ride). 

An  inverted  period  after  a  vowel  symbol  indicates  that  the  vowel 
is  long.  A  superior  vowel  symbol  indicates  that  the  vowel  is  very 
short  and  grating  (knarrstimmig) .  The  vowels  are  breathy,  and 
unless  followed  by  the  glottal  stop,  a  glottalized  stop,  or  a  voiced 
sound,  an  aspiration  is  distinctly  heard  toward  the  end. 

3.  Semi-vowels:  j  (Ger.  ;/a,  but  very  fricative),  w  (Eng.  way). 

4.  Laryngeal  consonants:  h  (laryngeal  7i)j  '   (glottal  stop,  lenis). 

5.  Dorsal    consonants:  Ic    (voiceless    lenis),    lew    (voiceless    lenis 
labialized,  Latin  aids),  &  (glottalized),  Y  (aspirated),  g  (Eng.  firmer, 
voiced   inflative   g   preplosively   nasal),    g    (Castilian    aboaado),    qw 
(Castilian  juez),  y  (Eng.  singer),  yw  (Eng.  Lar^worthy). 

In  absolute  auslaut  y  is  somewhat  palatal,  also  before  '  and  h. 
Before  frontal  consonants  y  is  assimilated  to  n,  before  labial  con 
sonants  to  m. 

6.  Frontal  consonants:  n   (Castilian  ma^ana),  t  (voiceless  lenis), 
I  (glottalized),  /'  (aspirated),  $  (Eng.  lading,  inflative  d  preplosively 
nasal),  d  (Japanese  roku),  ts  (Ger.  sehn,  but  very  lenis),  ts  (Ger.  2, 
glottalized),  s  (Eng.  saw),  tf  (Eng.  c/iew,  but  lenis),  (f  (Eng.  chew, 
glottalized),  /  (Eng.  ship)  (/  is  the  capital  of  /),  n  (Eng.  now). 

7.  Labial    consonants:  p    (voiceless    lenis),     p    (glottalized),    p, 
(aspirated),  b  (Eng.  lambent,  voiced  inflative  b  preplosively  nasal), 
&  (Castilian  ca&allo),  m  (Eng.  man). 

The  sound  of  I  is  heard  in  some  words  of  foreign  origin,  and  in  San 
Ildef onso  polamimi,  '  butterfly' . 

The  consonants  may  also  be  classified  as  follows: 
Voiced  constringents :  7,  w. 
Voiceless  fricatives :  7i,  s,  f. 
Voiceless  fricatives  labialized :  qw, 

IX 


X  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL  56 

Voiceless  lenis  sonoplosive  clusives,  labialized :  lew. 

Voiceless  glottalized  clusives:  &,  I,  p. 

Voiceless  lenis  aftricative  clusives :  ts,  if. 

Voiceless  glottalized  affricative  clusives:  ts,  if. 

Voiceless  aspirate  clusives:  F,  t\  p\ 

Voiced  inflative  clusives,  preplosively  nasal:  <7,  d,  b. 

Voiced  levis  clusives :  g,  d,  ft. 

Voiced  nasals:  y,  n,  n,  m. 

The  following  phonems  are  consonant  diphthongs :  qw,  lew,  ts,  ts,  if, 
ff,  </,  4)  and  b.  In  the  glottalized  clusives  (&,  i,  ts,  ff,  p)  the  glottal 
plosion  follows  the  oral  plosion,  even  following  the  glided  or  sukuned 
s  and  f  of  the  consonantal  diphthongs.  That  is,  the  Ic,  t,  ts,  tf,  or  p 
is  completely  immersed  in  a  glottal  elusive.  It  has  been  deter 
mined  that,  at  least  in  many  instances,  </  and  g,  d  and  d,  b  and  ft  are 
respectively  but  two  aspects  of  the  same  phonem,  as  is  the  case  with 
Castilian  g  and*  levis  g,  d  and  levis  d,  b  and  levis  b.  The  consonants 
occur  in  one  length  only.  They  may  be  more  or  less  orinasal  when 
contiguous  to  orinasal  vowels.  The  sonancy  of  the  voiceless  lenis 
clusives  begins  nearly  simultaneously  with  the  explosion. 

A  grave  accent  is  placed  over  the  vowel  of  a  syllable  weakly 
stressed.  Strongly  stressed  syllables  are  unmarked.  The  intonation 
of  the  syllables  is  not  indicated  in  this  memoir. 

PHONETIC  SPELLING  OF  NON-TEWA  WORDS 

The  symbols  used  in  Tewa  have  the  same  value  as  in  Tewa. 

Sounds  not  occurring  or  not  written  in  Tewa  are  indicated  as 
follows:  Vowels:  d  (French  patte),  d  (French  pas),  m  (unrounded  u). 
The  acute  accent  over  a  vowel  indicates  that  it  is  loudly  stressed.  A 
circle  under  a  vowel  indicates  that  it  is  surd. 

Consonants :  *  (aspiration) ,  h  (a  peculiar  weak  aspiration  occurring 
in  Jemez),  K  (marginal  or  " velar"  Jc,  lenis),  q  (Ger.  acft),  g,  d,  b  (as 
in  Eng.);  F  (bilabial/)  after  a  consonant  symbol  indicates  palatal 
ized  or  palatal  quality. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY  OF   THE  TEW  A   INDIANS 

By  JUNIUS  HENDERSON  and  JOHN  PEABODY  HARRINGTON1 


GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS 

THE  fauna  of  a  region,  like  its  flora  and  geology,  bears  an  inti 
mate  relation  to  the  culture  of  its  human  inhabitants.2  A 
nomadic  people  is  generally  of  necessity  dependent  on  ani 
mal  life  for  sustenance,  while  a  sedentary  people,  if  numerous, 
remaining  for  a  long  period  in  permanent  habitations,  must  be 
dependent  more  largely  on  direct  products  of  the  soil,  except  perhaps 
when  living  on  the  seashore,  where  almost  inexhaustible  fisheries 
furnish  abundant  food,  or  near  the  range  of  such  animals  as  the 
caribou  or  the  now  nearly  extinct  American  bison.  A  large  number 
of  people  remaining  constantly  in  one  place  and  depending  the  year 
round  on  the  game  of  the  region  would  soon  destroy  their  food  supply. 
A  nomadic  tribe,  wandering  hither  and  thither,  is  constantly  pene 
trating  new  game  preserves  and  allowing  the  game  in  the  old  pre 
serves  to  increase  in  abundance. 

The  ancient  peoples,  the  remains  of  whose  dwellings  are  found  so 
abundantly  in  the  country  of  the  Tewa  Indians,  northwest  of  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  were  surely  too  numerous  to  have  derived  any 
considerable  part  of  their  sustenance  for  even  a  few  months  from 
the  native  mammals,  birds,  and  other  animals  of  the  region,  even  if 
game  were  much  more  abundant  than  now,  a  condition  which  may 
well  be  doubted.  If  the  simultaneous  occupancy  of  only  a  small  pro 
portion  of  the  ruins  be  supposed,  there  still  would  not  have  been 
enough  game  to  support  the  population.  However,  it  is  probable 
that  wild  game  formed  an  important  supplement  to  the  products  of 
their  cornfields  and  the  native  plants. 

Bandelier 3  says  of  the  region  about  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles : 
Game  of  all  kinds,  deer,  elk,  mountain  sheep,  bears,  and  turkeys,  roamed  about  the 
region  in  numbers,  and  the  brook  afforded  fish. 

In  a  footnote  he  adds : 

All  the  kinds  of  game  mentioned  were  abundant  around  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  in 
former  times,  but  the  communal  hunts  of  the  Pueblos,  and  later  on  the  merciless 
slaughter  of  the  Apaches,  have  greatly  reduced  it. 


1  The  ethnological  portion  of  this  memoir  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Harrington,  the  zoological,  that  of  Pro 
fessor  Henderson. 

s  Springer,  Frank,  The  Field  Session  of  the  School  of  American  Archaeology,  Science,  n.  s.,  xxxn,  623, 
1910. 

3  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  Final  Report  of  Investigations  among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States, 
Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  Years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  n,  Papers  Archxol.  Inst.  Amer.,  Amer.  ser.,  iv,  141, 
1892. 


2  BUREAU  *0^   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Speaking  of  the  region  south  of  Santa  Fe,  Morrison  1  says: 

JHack,  cinnamon,  and  occasionally  grizzly  bear,  black  and  white-tailed  deer,  and 
tilfeeys,  furnish  abundant  game  to  the  Indian.  The  elk,  once  very  plentiful  in  these 
mountains,  is  now  very  rarely  seen. 

Other  statements  of  like  nature  may  be  found.  It  is  certain  that 
since  the  advent  of  the  white  man  with  his  death-dealing  rifle  large 
game  animals  have  greatly  decreased  in  numbers  nearly  everywhere. 
Any  reduction  in  the  abundance  of  game  in  the  area  under  discussion 
is  probably  due  to  promiscuous  hunting  at  all  seasons  by  both  whites 
and  Indians  supplied  with  rifles,  rather  than  to  the  communal  hunts 
of  the  Pueblo  Indians  or  to  the  raids  of  roving  Apache:  Careful 
consideration  of  all  the  facts  bearing  on  the  question  leads  to  the 
conclusion  that  game  never  was  very  abundant  about  the  Rito  de  los 
Frijoles.  However  this  may  be,  it  seems  certain  that  it  could  not 
have  remained  abundant  when  the  vicinity  was  occupied  by  the 
ancient  inhabitants  and  still  have  furnished  them  with  a  large  part 
of  their  food  supply. 

In  his  excellent  paper  on  Pueblo  environment,  Hough  2  says : 

It  is  difficult  to  realize  the  immense  modification  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  which 
the  white  man  has  wrought  in  this  region  during  the  30  years  of  his  active  occupancy. 
At  the  beginning  of  this  period  the  region  was  well  grassed  and  supplied  with  other 
vegetation  adequate  to  the  needs  of  vast  herds  of  antelope,  elk,  and  deer;  rodent  ani 
mals  and  birds  were  plentiful,  and  carnivores  had  abundance  of  prey.  As  a  result  of 
vegetation  a  humus  had  formed  on  all  protected  situations,  rainfall  was  absorbed  and 
equalized  in  distribution,  and  the  terrific  denudation  which  gashes  the  land  at  pres 
ent  was  not  begun. 

The  country  was  adapted  to  grazing  and  especially  favorable  on  account  of  tempera 
ture  and  latitude,  and  at  once  great  herds  of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep  were  introduced 
from  Texas  where  the  range  had  failed.  The  result  was  that  the  range  became  over 
stocked,  the  grass  disappeared  under  the  tongues  and  hoofs  of  myriads  of  domestic 
animals,  shrubs  and  trees  were  browsed  and  destroyed  or  swept  away  by  fires,  from 
certain  regions  species  of  plants  vanished,  and  the  land  lay  bare  to  the  augmented 
winds  and  torrential  rains.  Trails  became  profound  arroyos  and  the  humus  van 
ished  in  the  streams  and  the  surface  of  the  country  was  stone,  sand  and  gravel.  Not 
the  least  of  this  baneful  influence  was  the  drying  up  of  springs  and  other  sources  of 
water,  and  more  than  one  observer  collected  data  going  to  prove  the  progressive  desicca 
tion  of  the  pueblo  region.  These  facts  must  be  borne  in  mind  in  discussion  of  the 
environment  of  the  Southwest.  As  an  example,  it  may  be  stated  that  in  the  explora 
tion  of  one  ancient  pueblo  at  Winslow,  Arizona,  the  bones  of  37  species  of  animals 
were  taken  from  the  house  refuse ;  it  is  not  probable  at  present  that  a  naturalist  could 
collect  5  of  these  species  from  the  environment.  Wherever  the  explorer's  spade  has 
been  put  in  the  ancient  ruins,  facts  of  this  character  come  to  his  notice,  even  if  he 
has  not  heard  the  story  from  the  early  settlers  or  Indian  traditionists. 

While  the  baneful  influence  of  overstocking  the  range  and  other 
follies  of  white  settlers  in  parts  of  the  West  and  the  Southwest 

1  Executive  and  Descriptive  Report  of  Lieutenant  Charles  C.  Morrison,  Sixth  Cavalry,  on  the  Opera 
tions  of  Party  No.  2,  Colorado  Section,  Field  Season  of  1877,  in  Ann,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geog.  Expl.  and  Surv. 

W.  100th  Merid.,  for  1878,  p.  137, 1878. 

2  Hough,  Walter,  Pueblo  Environment,  Proc.  Amer.  Asso.  Adv.  Set.,  55th  meeting,  1906,  pp.  450-51. 


?AUB?NGTON]  ETHNOZOOLOGV    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  3 

can  not  be  ignored,  the  effects  are  but  local.  Vast  areas  in  the  South 
west  have  never  been  subjected  to  the  ravages  of  large  domestic  herds, 
because  from  the  time  the  region  was  first  explored  the  lack  of  water 
has  prohibited  the  use  of  many  such  areas  for  extensive  grazing  pur 
poses.  A  study  of  the  literature  of  early  exploration  does  nq^  indi 
cate  general  distribution  of  vast  herds  of  antelope,  elk,  and., deer, 
and  especially  is  this  true  of  elk.  Certainly  within  the  periotj^desig- 
riated  (30  years  immediately  preceding  1906)  there  has  been  .Qp  gen 
eral  distribution  of  large  game  in  great  herds,  although  antelope  and 
deer  have  been  abundant  locally  and  are  still  common  in  places.  It 
may  be  said  of  the  species  of  animals  whose  bones  have  been  taken 
from  various  pueblos  that  many  of  them  may  have  been  so  rare  that 
a  naturalist  might  search  the  region  for  a  year  without  seeing  one. 
The  bones  represent  the  accumulated  results  of  many  hunting  expe 
ditions,  more  or  less  extensive,  besides  the  daily  hunting  of  many 
men  for  generations.  An  elk  rib  was  taken  from  an  ancient  pueblo 
northwest  of  Santa  Fe,  yet  old  men  from  two  neighboring  pueblos 
say  they  have  never  seen  an  elk.  Likewise  the  bison  was  known  to 
many  of  the  old  Indians  in  the  upper  Rio  Grande  valley,  although 
they  had  never  seen  one  alive. 

It  is  exceedingly  probable  that  the  important  species  inhabiting 
the  Tewa  region  during  the  ancient  occupancy  were  the  same  as  at 
present,  except  the  elk  and  mountain  sheep,  which  have  disappeared. 
The  bison,  no  longer  known  in  New  Mexico  in  a  wild  state,  was  not 
found,  perhaps,  in  this  part  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley  and  could  be 
obtained  only  by  barter  or  by  long  excursions  through  a  country 
inhabited  by  hostile  tribes.  Though  the  present  report  lists  a  large 
number  of  animals  for  the  region,  a  critical  analysis  shows  that  very 
few  of  them  could  have  been  important  as  a  source  of  food. 

In  this  connection  the  invertebrates  may  be  almost  wholly  dis 
regarded,  though  possibly  in  seasons  of  unusual  abundance  grass 
hoppers  may  have  been  a  much-relished  addition  to  the  bill  of  fare ; 
they  were  certainly  much  used  farther  west.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  invasions  of  these  pests  in  sufficient  numbers  to  make 
them  important  as  a  source  of  food  for  a  large  population  would  mean 
the  destruction  of  the  corn  crops  and  of  the  grass  and  other  vegeta 
tion  on  which  the  game  animals  feed,  thus  reducing  the  supply  of 
the  ordinary  food  of  the  human  inhabitants.  There  were  undoubtedly 
fish  in  all  the  important  streams,  but  they  could  not  have  been 
numerous  enough  to  have  played  a  large  part  in  sustaining  the 
number  of  people  who  lived  in  the  region,  even  if  the  latter  were  no 
more  numerous  than  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  Reptiles 
and  amphibians  may  be  wholly  disregarded,  as  they  do  not  occur 
in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  important,  though  of  course  with  a  more 
abundant  water  supply  there  would  have  been  more  frogs.  Most  of 


4  BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  50 

the  species  of  birds  and  mammals  which  occur  abundantly  are 
altogether  too  small  and  too  difficult  to  obtain  with  crude  weapons 
to  be  useful  as  food.  Among  the  birds  in  this  class  may  be  men 
tioned  nuthatches,  hummingbirds,  goldfinches,  and  sparrows.  Robins 
and  loiigcrested  jays  are  also  common,  but  a  single  meal  for  a  fair- 
sized  clan  would  require  all  that  are  to  be  found  in  any  one  canyon. 
Pinon  and  Woodhouse's  jays  and  mourning  doves  are  abundant, 
probably  as  numerous  now  as  they  ever  were,  but  not  easy  to  secure 
even  with  modern  weapons,  and  may  be  almost  ignored  as  food 
birds  for  primitive  people.  Hawks,  owls,  and  eagles  are  all  too 
rare  and  too  hard  to  obtain  to  be  considered.  During  the  autumn 
grouse  and  turkeys  were  probably  obtainable  in  considerable  numbers, 
and,  with  the  ducks  and  other  water  birds  along  the  river,  constituted 
the  only  really  important  food  birds  of  the  region. 

In  case  of  the  mammals,  not  infrequently  a  deer,  elk,  bear,  or 
mountain  sheep  must  have  been  obtained.  With  hundreds  of  people 
living  on  the  mesas  and  in  neighboring  canyons,  all  constantly  seeking 
to  catch  or  kill  these  animals  for  food,  we  can  not  suppose  their 
existence  in  much  greater  numbers  than  at  present,  when,  though 
hunted  with  more  effective  weapons,  they  surely  are  not  here  hunted 
as  persistently  or  by  very  many  people.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
rabbits  and  squirrels.  While  they  must  have  had  constantly  a 
small  supply  of  such  game,  when  the  number  of  mouths  awaiting  it 
is  considered,  the  meat  diet  of  these  ancient  people  was  surely  very 
limited.  The  other  mammals  were  either  too  small  or  too  rare 
to  add  materially  to  the  food  supply. 

This  region  is  almost  undisturbed  by  civilization  and  therefore 
affords  an  excellent  field  for  the  naturalist  as  well  as  for  the  study 
of  ethnozoology.  There  seems  no  good  reason  for  supposing  any 
great  change  in  the  fauna  of  the  locality  since  the  period  of  its  occu 
pancy  by  the  people  who  constructed  the  pueblos  and  other  dwellings 
long  ago  abandoned.  Changes  in  faunas  usually  progress  slowly, 
notwithstanding  such  conspicuous  examples  of  rapid  extermination 
or  of  introduction  of  species  as  are  afforded  by  the  bison,  the  passenger 
pigeon,  and  the  English  sparrow  in  America.  Such  examples,  due 
to  the  superior  facilities  for  destruction  or  introduction  developed 
by  the  white  race,  are  abnormal.  It  is  quite  possible  that  a  few 
species  besides  elk  and  mountain  sheep  have  disappeared  from  the 
vicinity  within  the  period  of  human  occupancy  and  that  some  others 
have  extended  their  range  into  this  area,  though  there  is  no  evidence 
of  such  changes.  The  topograprly  is  certainly  virtually  the  same 
as  it  has  been  for  a  very  long  period.  If  there  has  been  since  the 
beginning  of  human  occupancy  a  general  desiccation  of  the  country 
sufficient  to  reduce  the  possibilities  in  the  line  of  agriculture,  it 
would  not  necessarily  have  produced  much,  if  any,  change  in  the 


£N]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    TILE    TEWA   INDIANS  0 

native  uncultivated  flora,  and  without  considerable  change  in  topog 
raphy  and  flora  there  would  be  little  change  in  the  fauna.1 

In  event  of  such  desiccation  some  local  migrations  of  species  sug 
gest  themselves  as  possible.  During  August  the  writers  found  no 
blackbirds  or  meadowlarks  on  the  mesas  or  in  the  canyons  examined 
and  conditions  are  not  favorable  to  their  regular  presence  there,  but 
with  somewhat  greater  precipitation  moist  meadows  may  have  pro 
vided  a  suitable  habitat  for  the  redwings  and  cultivated  upland  areas 
near  water  may  have  attracted  the  meadowlarks.  Both  are- now 
found  in  favorable  localities  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  In  a  paper 
hereinafter  cited  Mrs.  Bailey  says  that  in  San  Miguel  county  the 
meadowlark  occurs  only  in  depressions  in  the  plains  where  there  is 
water.  The  limited  distribution  of  water  restricts  the  habitat  of 
ducks  and  shore  birds,  which  once  may  have  been  more  generally 
distributed. 

To  understand  fully  the  culture  of  a  region  it  is  necessary  to  know 
something  of  the  native  animals,  especially  those  which  have  been 
useful  to  the  people  or  which  would  have  been  noticed  by  them.  The 
flesh  of  animals  furnishes  food,  the  skins  provide  raiment,  thongs, 
and  other  useful  products,  and  bones  furnish  awls  and  other  imple 
ments;  but  perhaps  even  more  important,  from  the  cultural  point  of 
view,  is  the  fact  that  animals  enter  largely  into  the  mythology  and 
religion  of  primitive  peoples.  The  finding,  in  the  ruins,  of  bones 
other  than  human  may  fairly  be  assumed  to  indicate  that  the 
animals  to  which  they  belonged  were  used  by  the  former  inhabitants 
for  utilitarian,  ornamental,  or  ceremonial  purposes.  In  most  cases 
the  character  of  the  animals,  the  condition  of  the  bones,  or  the  cir 
cumstances  under  which  found  suggests  a  marked  probability  as  to 
the  particular  use.  The  culture,  religion,  and  language  of  living 
peoples  who  are  believed  to  be  either  directly  descended  from  or  closely 
related  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  surely  must  throw  much  light  on 
the  subject.  A  large  quantity  of  bones  has  been  taken  from  the 
ruins  of  the  Pajarito  plateau,  but  the  work  of  identification  has  not 
yet  been  completed. 

It  is  not  likely  that  in  the  use  of  animals  for  food  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  region  differed  much  from  those  of  northeastern 
Arizona.  Discussing  the  bones  found  in  the  latter  region,  Hough  2 
says: 

The  remains  show  that  most  of  the  animals  of  the  region  were  consumed  as  food; 
but,  as  might  be  anticipated,  bones  of  the  carnivora  are  much  rarer  than  those  of  the 
herbivora,  the  latter  represented  by  deer  and  rabbit  species,  and  the  former  by  the 
fox,  coyote,  wolf,  dog,  raccoon,  badger,  wildcat,  and  puma,  but  no  bones  of  the  bear 

1  See  Bulletins  54  and  55  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

2  Hough,  Walter,  Archeological  Field  Work  in  Northeastern  Arizona  (The  Museum-Gates  Expedition 
of  1901),  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  for  1901,  pp.  356-57,  19(«. 


6  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

were  observed.     Remains  of  the  beaver  and  small  rodents,  and  bones  of  birds,  espe 
cially  the  turkey,  eagle,  hawk,  and  owl,  were  noted. 

Remains  of  the  dog  and  turkey  were  found  in  nearly  every  ruin,  showing  the 
extent  of  the  domestication  of  these  animals  in  this  region.  So  far  as  can  be  deter 
mined,  the  dog  and  turkey  were  the  only  animals  domesticated  by  the  pueblo  tribes. 
It  was  hoped  that  light  might  have  been  thrown  upon  the  question  of  domestication 
of  other  animals,  namely,  the  deer  [citing  Nadaillac]  and  an  auchenia  (llama),  as 
affirmed  by  dishing  from  figurines  found  on  the  Rio  Salado,  in  Southern  Arizona. 
The  writer  has  copied  numerous  pictographs  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Colorado 
River  showing  unmistakably  the  herding  of  turkeys  and  of  deer  by  men.  . 
Still,  the  evidence  presented  so  far  as  to  the  domestication  of  other  animals  than  the 
dog  and  turkey  is  unsatisfactory. 

Zoological  field  work  was  conducted  for  slightly  less  than  four  weeks 
in  the  neighborhood  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  in  August,  1910,  so 
that  this  account  can  not  be  considered  in  any  sense  a  final  discus 
sion  of  the  fauna  of  the  vicinity.  Collection  and  observation  were 
conducted  chiefly  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  canyon 
and  on  adjacent  mesas,  but  included  a  two-day  trip  to  the  Painted 
Cave  and  a  three-day  trip  to  the  top  of  the  Jemez  Mountains  and 
edge  of  Valle  Grande,  just  beyond  the  headwaters  of  the  Rito,  so 
that  a  general  impression  of  the  fauna  from  the  top  of  the  mountains 
to  the  rim  of  the  Rio  Grande  canyon  was  obtained.  Judge  A.  J. 
Abbott,  who  now  lives  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  Mr.  Nathan  Dowell, 
who  has  hunted  and  trapped  in  the  region,  and  several  of  the  Indians 
employed  in  the  archeological  excavations  have  furnished  much  infor 
mation,  which  a  short  summer  trip  could  not  disclose.  In  case  of 
the  birds  especially,  only  observations  carried  through  the  four  sea 
sons  could  make  it  possible  to  secure  a  list  even  approximately  com 
plete,  on  account  of  the  number  of  migratory  species  which  must  visit 
the  vicinity.  Obviously  the  birds  seen  were  all  either  permanent  or 
summer  residents,  winter  residents  and  spring  and  autumn  migrants 
being  then  absent.  To  the  list  have  been  added  such  species  as  have 
been  recorded  for  the  Rio  Grande  valley  between  the  Colorado  line 
and  a  point  southwestward  from  Santa  Fe,  so  far  as  they  could  be 
noted  in  the  limited  examination  of  the  literature  which  has  been 
possible.  Time  has  not  permitted  as  full  an  examination  of  the 
zoologic  literature  of  the  region  as  is  desirable,  and  much  informa 
tion  is  hidden  in  works  whose  titles  do  not  suggest  at  all  the  inclusion 
of  anything  zoologic. 

The  region  is  within  the  southern  extremity  of  the  great  Rocky 
Mountain  system.  Northward,  mountains  extend  in  unbroken  chains 
through  Colorado.  Southward,  instead  of  continuous  chains  there 
are  isolated  mountain  masses  separated  by  dry  mesas  and  plains. 
Consequently  the  affinities  of  the  fauna  as  a  whole  are  with  the  moun 
tain  fauna  of  Colorado.  The  great  majority  of  species  are  found 
northward  to  or  through  Colorado.  A  few,  as  Ashmunella,  are  of 
distinctly  southern  type. 


HARR?N'OTON]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  7 

It  was  hoped  to  do  a  large  amount  of  etlmozoologic  work  while  in 
the  field.  Unforeseen  circumstances  prevented  this  except  for  a  few 
hours  of  the  last  two  days  of  the  field  season.  Mr.  Harrington,  how 
ever,  was  able  to  do  some  independent  work  along  that  line  in  con 
nection  with  Ms  regular  studies  of  the  language  of  the  Tewa.  The 
Indian  names  given  are  in  the  San  Juan  dialect  of  the  Tewa  language, 
except  where  otherwise  stated.  The  greater  part  of  the  discussion 
of  methods  in  etlmobotany  in  Bulletin  55  applies  with  equal  force 
to  ethnozoology  and  needs  not  be  repeated  here. 

Most  of  the  animal  names  were  obtained  by  exhibiting  specimens 
to  several  Indians,  including  some  of  the  older  men  of  the  tribe. 
Where  specimens  in  hand  were  not  available,  care  was  taken  to  make 
sure  of  the  identity  of  the  animals  named;  this  was  easy,  of  course,  in 
case  of  sucli  readily  described  animals  as  the  porcupine.  In  a  few 
cases  it  was  considered  safe  to  use  good  colored  plates  figuring  easily 
identified  species;  but  wherever  possible  specimens  in  hand  were 
exhibited  and  also  the  same  species  alive  in  their  natural  habitat. 
Where  there  is  a  question  as  to  identity  the  name  is  either  omitted 
or  the  doubt  is  expressed.  It  is  always  best  to  show  informants  also 
specimens  of  all  species  in  the  region  which  closely  resemble  one 
another  and  discover  whether  they  really  definitely  distinguish  them, 
and,  if  so,  how.  Care  should  always  be  taken  not  to  suggest  to  them 
the  answer  to  inquiries. 

It  is  frequently  said  by  unthinking  or  uninformed  persons,  who 
know  something  of  the  Indians'  intimate  knowledge  of  some  phases 
of  nature,  that  the  American  Indians  know  and  have  names  for  every 
species  of  plant  and  animal  living  in  their  vicinity.  Inasmuch  as 
some  microscopic  forms  exist  everywhere  and  as  many  macroscopic 
forms  of  invertebrates,  as  some  insects,  crustaceans,  and  mollusks, 
can  be  distinguished  only  by  microscopic  characters,  the  incorrect 
ness  of  that  idea  is  evident.  The  Indians  are  usually  correct  in  dis 
tinguishing  the  larger  and  bejtter-marked  species  of  birds  and  mam 
mals,  but  they  certainly  do  not  recognize  some  of  the  minute  differ 
ences  which  are  of  more  importance  than  some  of  those  more  easily 
observed.  They  distinguish  species  more  closely  than  the  average 
white  man  who  has  not  had  zoologic  training.  Though  several  species 
of  jackrabbits  and  several  cottontails  inhabit  the  region  over  which 
these  Indians  have  roamed,  they  seem  to  recognize  but  one  species  of 
each.  However,  the  majority  of  white  men  could  not  do  more.  The 
Pueblo  Indians  who  claim  the  Jemez  Plateau  as  the  home  of  their 
ancestors  are  agriculturists,  not  hunters,  though  they  do  some  hunt 
ing,  of  course,  just  as  white  fanners  do.  It  would  be  interesting  and 
important  to  make  a  thorough  comparative  study  of  the  knowledge 
of  natural  history  possessed  by  agricultural  tribes  and  hunting  tribes. 
69231°— Bull.  56—14—2 


8  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

To  insure  accuracy,  such  a  study,  as  is  true,  indeed,  of  all  ethno- 
zoological  and  ethnobotanical  work,  should  be  cooperative,  trained 
zoologists,  botanists,  and  ethnologists  working  together  in  the  field. 

Indians  differ  as  much  individually  as  do  other  races  in  their 
capacity,  experience,  and  opportunity  for  observation  and  in  their 
interest  in  the  mysteries  of  Nature.  One  person  may  have  had 
abundant  opportunity  for  the  observation  of  the  various  species  of 
deer,  but  paying  slight  attention  to  the  little  chipmunks  and  hence  not 
distinguishing  the  different  kinds  of  the  latter,  while  with  another 
person  the  reverse  may  be  the  case.  Hence  the  information  obtained 
from  a  single  informant  may  not  at  all  represent  the  knowledge  or 
ideas  of  his  people.  This  makes  it  advisable  whenever  possible  to 
check  the  information  obtained  by  enlisting  the  services  of  several 
informants. 

It  is  too  early  for  sweeping  generalizations,  but  a  few  general 
remarks  seem  safe.  Indian  nomenclature  as  a  whole  recognizes 
,.  differences,  not  relationships.  There  is  little,  if  any,  evidence  of 
the  classification  by  the  Indian  of  species  in  consanguineous  groups, 
as  orders,  families,  and  genera,  except  in  very  obvious  cases.  Whether 
he  does  so  arrange  them  in  his  mind,  even  though  he  does  not  express 
the  idea  in  his  nomenclature,  is  very  doubtful  and  should  be  more 
fully  investigated.  In  such  investigations  there  is  always  danger 
of  recording  opinions  which  have  been  more  or  less  influenced  by  con 
tact  with  whites,  a  contingency  which  should  be  guarded  against. 
In  most  cases  a  species  is  perhaps  considered  a  distinct  entity,  not 
connected  with  any  other  species.  However,  their  recognition  of 
several  kinds  of  bear,  deer,  etc.,  may  indicate  some  sort  of  an  idea 
of  genetic  relationship  which  further  study  may  elucidate.  A 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  language  is  necessary  to  a  real  under 
standing  of  this  subject.  The  writers  found  them  using  the  English 
word  "rat"  for  several  species  of  squirrels  and  chipmunks,  yet  in 
their  own  language  they  have  usually  distinct  names  for  each.  Such 
cases  as  the  bear,  to  which  the  Mohave  in  their  own  language  apply 
a  name  meaning  " great  badger",  should  be  followed  up  to  ascertain 
whether  it  indicates  a  supposed  relationship.  It  may  well  be  doubted 
whether  the  use  by  the  Hopi  of  the  same  name  for  such  distinct  species 
as  the  Harris  ground-squirrel  and  Say's  ground-squirrel,  and  with 
slightly  different  pronunciation  for  two  small  chipmunks,  indicates 
a  failure  to  distinguish  them.  Our  San  Ildefonso  informants, 
while  applying  the  same  name  to  such  different  species  as  Say's 
ground-squirrel  and  the  little  chipmunk,  showed  clearly  by  their 
comments  that  they  did  not  consider  them  the  same  species.  The 
solution  of  the  problem  requires  a  determination  of  the  Indian's 
conception  of  species,  if  he  has  any,  which  is  not  a  simple  task. 
Europeans  and  their  American  descendants  have  been  familiar  for 


HAuiuhx'(?Tox]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  9 

generations  with  modern  scientific  ideas  of  species,  their  interrela 
tions,  and  the  development  of  various  groups  of  species  from  com 
mon  sources.  In  discussing  such  matters,  one's  words,  whether 
one  speaks  in  his  own  language  or  attempts  to  apply  a  primitive 
language,  represent  definite  mental  concepts,  but  may  convey  to 
primitive  people,  who  have  not  such  concepts,  ideas  quite  foreign 
to  those  intended.  So  also  we  are  in  constant  danger  of  uncon 
sciously  injecting  our  own  concepts  into  the  words  used  by  our 
informants  in  expressing  their  ideas.  It  is  exceedingly  difficult  to 
question  them  about  abstract  ideas  without  framing  the  queries  so  as 
to  suggest  one's  own  views  and  thus  color  the  replies. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  avoid  mistaking  descriptive  or  comparative 
terms  for  names.  When  an  Indian  informant  is  shown  a  foreign 
species  with  which  he  is  not  familiar,  he  may,  as  is  the  case  with  a 
representative  of  any  other  race,  designate  it  by  what  appears  to  be 
a  name  but  which  on  analysis  proves  to  be  a  descriptive  or  com 
parative  word  or  phrase  and  not  a  native  name  for  the  species,  as 
when  a  small  white  marine  shell  is  exhibited  and  a  word  is  applied 
which  means  that  it  looks  like  bone. 

That  the  Indians  have  been  close  observers  of  animals  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  they  have  developed  names  for  almost  all  the  parts  of 
birds  and  mammals,  as  claws,  whiskers,  foot-pads,  etc. 

If  work  in  ethnozoology  is  to  be  maintained  on  a  scientific 
basis  and  an  accurate  estimate  made  of  the  Indian's  knowledge  of 
Nature,  definite  determinations  of  the  species  of  plants  and  animals 
discussed  must  be  made.  Much  of  the  work  hitherto  done  in  obtain 
ing  the  names  of  plants  and  animals  has  been  worthless,  because  no 
attempt  was  made  to  discover  and  record  with  certainty  the  kind 
of  plants  and  animals  to  which  the  names  are  applied.  Much 
more  important  than  mere  nomenclature  is  the  idea  of  which  nomen 
clature  is  but  an  attempted  expression.  The  best  way  certainly  is 
to  get  the  information  in  the  field,  so  far  as  possible  by  showing  the 
Indian  informants  the  animal  in  its  natural  environment.  Specimens 
thus  identified  and  discussed  should  then  be  scientifically  identified 
and  preserved  for  future  reference. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF  ANIMALS 

There  is  no  word  meaning  ' animal'.  }Animay  or  'animal  (<Span. 
animal)  is  sometimes  heard. 

No  word  meaning  'mammal'  is  in  use.     Bats  are  considered  birds. 

Towa,  ' human  being',  distinguishes  man  from  other  animals,  and  i 
sometimes  Tewa  or  again  ah1  Indians  from  other  kinds  of  men. 

H%'par)  now  applies  to  large  domestic  animals,  as  horses,  cattle,  / 
swine.     What  it  referred  to  in  pre-European  times  is  uncertain. 


10  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  5G 

Pokanu  signifies  game  or  game  animals,  including  not  only  game 
beasts,  as  deer,  buffalo,  rabbits,  bears,  mountain  sheep,  etc.,  but  also 
game  birds  and  other  animals  whose  flesh  is  relished  as  an  important 
food.  In  a  Taos  myth1  the  game  animals  (Tewa  pokanu)  are  said  to 
inhabit  a  great  estufa  situated  somewhere  in  the  west  from  which 
they  are  at  times  driven  forth  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians.  No  such 
information  has  been  obtained  from  the  Tewa. 

Tsue  is  the  almost  exact  equivalent  of  English  '  bird',  referring  to  all 
species  of  birds  and  bats.  In  one  compound,  po'tside,  '  water  bird' 
(po'j  water;  tsue,  bird)  it  refers  to  an  insect.  Gatschet  gives  Tewa 
"tohi-e"j  'bird'.2  Compare  Taos  tsijuund;  Piro  (Bartlett's  vocabu 
lary)  "tsi-ki-e";  Jemez  sejiw;  Southern  Ute,  witfitsi;  Hopi  (Gat 
schet),  "toU-4"* 

There  is  no  general  name  for  reptiles  or  lizards. 

Pzenu,  'snake',  parallels  in  usage  English  'snake'.  Cf.  Taos 
pSKlsuend;  Piro  (Bartlett's  vocabulary)  "  pe-tsun-to-yar-e " ;  Jemez 
Jiajd;  Keres  (Gatschet),  "shu-ui"4',  Hopi  (Gatschet)  utohu-asli"? 

'O'lcu'  appears- to  apply  to  any  kind  of  turtle  or  tortoise. 
-'Po'qwse-'  applies  to  salamanders. 

P'^'ykwqy  applies  to  frogs  and  toads. 

Pa'  means  'fish.'  Cf.  Taos  pound;  Isleta  puide;  Piro  (Bartlett's 
vocabulary)  "pu-e"',  Jemez  po;  Hopi  pakh'o. 

There  is  no  word  meaning  'insect.' 

Puftse,  'worm,'  may  be  loosely  applied  to  all  worm-like  animals, 
perhaps  even  to  insects  and  spiders ;  but  this  latter  application  is  not 
usually  made. 

'A'w%'  refers  to  any  kind  of  spider. 

There  is  no  word  referring  to  crustaceans  in  general. 

There  is  no  general  name  for  mollusks  or  even  molluscan  shells. 
'Ofie  comes  the  nearest  to  being  such  a  name.  See  under  Mollusks 
below. 

Ku'pi',  literally  'red  stone'  (ku',  stone;  pi',  red),  refers  to  red 
coral.  Perhaps  any  coral  might  be  indicated  by  adding  wa,'g_l,  'like', 
to  this  name. 

All  names  of  animals  have  the  same  form  in  singular  and  plural 
number  unless  an  adjective  with  gender-number  postfix  be  a  part  of 
the  name  or  the  name  be  compounded  with  certain  words  denoting 
age  and  sex. 

The  age-sex  nouns  are  post  joined  to  the  animal  names.  With  the 
exception  of  some  animal  names  derived  from  the  Spanish,  the  Tewa 

1  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  xn,  pp.  40-41,  1910. 

2  A.  S.  Gatsehet,  Zwolf  Sprachen  aus  dem  Sudwesten  Nordamerikas,  Weimar,  187«,  p.  39. 

3  Ibid. 

4  Ibid. 
&  Ibid. 


ETfiff6260L6GY  OF  THE  TEWA  IttirfAtfS  11 


animal  name  does  not  show  sex  or  age  of  the  animal  to  which  it  refers 
unless  one  of  these  age-sex  nouns  is  post  joined. 

As  applied  to  Iowa,  '  human  beings,'  the  following  age-sex  nouns 
are  used,  and  used  alone,  the  word  iowa  being  regularly  omitted  and 
understood. 

'E-,  'child/  'son/  'daughter';  2+  plural  'e'n%'. 

'A'anu'lce',  'young  girl';  2+  plural  'a'anu'rfe'n%'  . 

'E'enu'~ke',  'young  boy';  2+  plural  'e'enu'y  'e'n%-  . 

'A'anu',  'girl  at  adolescence';  2+  plural  'a'any,'y. 

'E'enu',  'boy  at  adolescence';  2+  plural  'e'enu'y. 

Kwi'  ,  'woman  in  prime';  2+  plural 

Spy,  'man  in  prime';  2+  plural  g 

Kwi'jo',  'old  woman';  2+  plural  Jcwi'jo'.  The  singular  has  falling 
intonation  in  the  second  syllable,  the  2+  plural  has  circumflex  intona 
tion  in  the  second  syllable. 

Se-y$o',  'old  man';  2+  plural  se/yda'. 

When  these  age-sex  nouns  are  applied  to  lower  animals  the  plural 
of  'e  is  V  ,  the  singular  having  falling,  the  2+  plural  circumflex,  intona 
tion,  and  'e'enu'ke'  and  'a'anu'lce'  and  their  plurals  are  not  used. 

In  the  case  of  animal-denoting  names  which  have  been  borrowed 
from  the  Spanish,  sex  and  age  are  denoted  both  by  the  Tewa  method 
of  postjoining  sex-age  nouns  and  by  the  Spanish  method  of  employing 
different  endings  or  different  words.  One  hears,  for  instance,  both 
kaJtiajukwi'  ,  'horse  female'  (kdbaju,  horse;  Icwi',  female),  and  jewa 
(<  Spanish  yegua)  meaning  'mare'. 

Barring  words  of  Spanish  origin,  only  one  instance  is  known  of  a 
special  word  being  employed  to  signify  the  young  of  a  species  of 
animal.  This  is  mage,  'young  of  the  mule  deer/  which  can  also  be 
called  p&'e'j  'little  mule  deer'  (p%",  mule  deer;  'e',  diminutive).1 

Perhaps  the  majority  of  Tewa  animal  names  are  unetymologizable. 
There  are  not  many  instances  where  more  than  one  name  is  applied 
to  an  animal  species.  The  additional  name  is  regularly  descriptive. 
Thus  owls  may  be  called  mqhuy,  or  tsiso'jo*,  'big  eyes  '(tsi,  eye; 
so'jo',  big).  The  Franciscan  Fathers  have  recorded  many  additional 
names  of  this  kind  from  the  Navaho. 

We  find  no  unetymologizable  additional  names  of  animals  like  our 
European  Kosenamen  or  Sagenamen,  unless  it  be  poseqwasej  y^o'  ,  an 
additional  name  otde',  coyote.  Thus  we  call  the  bear  'bear'  or  'Bruin', 
the  German  calls  the  bear  'bar'  or  'Petz',  the  Russian  calls  the  bear 
'  miedviedi  '  or  MiifJca,  and  Bruin,  Petz,  M^ifka  have  no  etymology 
known  to  the  people.  But  the  Tewa  call  the  bear  Ice'  and  only  Ice', 
or  if  there  is  an  additional  name  it  is  descriptive  and  its  etymology 
is  understood  by  ah1.  Posegwase-ydo'  ,  applied  to  the  coyote,  is  the 
only  exception  discovered  thus  far. 

1  Cf.  the  two  Tewa  names  for  '  milkweed  '  at  different  stages  of  its  growth,  in  Bulletin  5.5,  Bur.  A  mrr.  Ethn. 


12  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY  Inru ,  r>c> 

A  number  of  names  of  introduced  animals  which  have  been  bor 
rowed  from  the  Spanish  are  supplanted  by  additional  names  for  these 
animals,  of  Tewa  derivation,  when  speaking  in  the  presence  of  Mexi 
cans,  lest  they  understand.  The  same  is  also  the  practice  in  the 
case  of  'watermelon'  and  some  other  plant  names. 

ANNOTATED  LIST  OF  ANIMALS 

MAMMALS 

fowa. 

Homo  sapiens. 

fowa  means  human  being,  person,  folks,  people,  clan.  Unlike  the 
Tewa  names  of  other  animals  Iowa  is  never  coupled  with  sex-age 
nouns,  being  regularly  omitted  when  these  are  applied  to  human 
beings.  Thus  tseJcwi',  'female  dog  in  prime'  (tse,  dog;  Jcwi',  female 
in  prime),  but  merely  Icwi'j  'human  woman  in  prime.'  Human  beings 
are  not  considered  by  the  Tewa  to  be  essentially  different  from  other 
animals. 

The  races  of  man  are  called  Iowa. 

The  word  towa  often  refers  especially  to  Indian  people  as  distin 
guished  from  other  people.  Americans  are  called  Medikanu  towa, 
'American  people'  (Medikanu,  American,  <Span.  Americano;  towa, 
person,  people).  Mexicans  are  called  Kws^ku'ytowa  (Kw&lcu'y,  of 
uncertain  etymology;  towa,  person,  people).  Negroes  are  called 
Kwsehu' rjiowa  p'e'ijniij,  'black  Mexicans'  (Kwsgku'ytowa,  Mexican, 
p'e'y,  black).  The  Chinese  are  called  Tsinutowa,  Chinaman  people 
(Tsinu,  Chinaman  <Span.  CTiino;  towa,  person,  people). 

Monu  ( < Span.  mono}. 

Monkey. 

The  Tewa  know  that  monkeys  live  in  Mexico.  They  say  that 
monkeys  look  like  men:  towawa'gl,  'like  a  human  being'  (towa, 
human  being;  wa'gi,  like).  An  organ-grinder  with  a  monkey  visited 
San  Ildefonso  last  year. 

Sip'i. 

Corynorhinus  macrotis  pallescens  Miller.  Pale  Big-eared  Bat. 
Corynorhinus  macrotis  LeConte  was  reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Allen1 
in  1893.  As  macrotis  is  a  Southeastern  form,  the  Santa  Fe  specimen 
is  much  more  likely  referable  to  the  subspecies  pallescens,  described 
in  1897  by  Miller,2  which  ranges  from  Colorado  and  Utah  southward 
into  Mexico. 

Sip'i. 

My otis  lucifugus  longicrus  (True).     Little  Brown  Bat. 

1  Allen,  Harrison,  A  Monograph  of  the  Bats  of  North  America,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  no.  43,  p.  57, 
1893. 

*  Miller,  Gerrit  S.,  Revision  of  the  North  American  Bats  of  the  Family  Vespertilionidse,  North  Amer 
ican  Fauna,  no.  13,  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  52-53,  1897. 


ETHNOBOOLOCJV   OF   THE   TBWA  INDIANS  13 

Reported  at  Santa  Ke  by  Miller.1 

We  observed  bats  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  in  the  evenings  of  the 
first  ten  days  in  August,  1910,  but  saw  none  later,  and  failed  to  obtain 
any  for  identification. 

Bats  are  classed  with  birds  by  the  Tewa,  although  the  Mexicans  of 
the  Tewa  country  call  them  ratones  voladores,  'flying  rats  or  mice.' 
Sip'i  is  said  to  be  applied  to  any  species  of  bat. 

Ko'?y  (akin  to  Taos  kanend,  buffalo). 

Bison  bison  (Linn.).     American  Bison,  Buffalo. 

Although  the  bison,  its  habits,  and  methods  of  hunting  it,  are  known 
to  the  Tewa  by  hearsay,  it  appears  that  very  few  individuals  have 
ever  seen  a  bison  alive.  Old  Diego  Roybal  of  San  Ildefonso,  although 
he  loves  to  tell  about  the  bison,  has  never  seen  one.  J.  M.  Naranjo 
of  Santa  Clara  has  seen  bison  on  the  plains  "about  halfway  between 
here  and  Saint  Louis."  In  former  times  the  Tewa  trafficked  in  the 
skins  and  other  products,  and  occasionally  hunted  the  animal  on.  the 
plains  to  the  eastward,  before  its  extermination  there.  Whole  bison 
skins  or  portions  of  them,  with  the  hair  on,  are  still  to  be  found 
among  the  Tewa  and  are  used  as  "medicine"  (wo)  and  for  other 
purposes.  Bison  horns  are  also  used  as  headdresses  in  the  bison 
dance  (Ico^rjfare)  held  at  San  Ildefonso  on  January  24th  of  each  year. 

The  Tewa  do  not  know  that  the  bison  ever  ranged  in  or  west  of 
their  country.  Dr.  Allen,  in  his  monograph  on  the  bison,2  says: 

1  have  found  no  record  of  their  existence  in  the  highlands  of  New  Mexico,  or  any 
where  to  the  westward  or  southward  of  Santa  Fe. 

Bandelier,3  commenting  on  a  Spanish  place-name  of  the  region 
south  of  Santa  Fe,  says: 

One  of  these  bears  the  name  "  Ojo  del  C'ibolo. ' '  This  seems  to  imply  that  the  buffalo 
once  ranged  as  far  as  the  base  of  the  San  Francisco  and  San  Pedro  Mountains. 

Hornaday,  on.  his  map  showing  the  extermination  of  the  bison,4 
gives  1840  as  the  date  of  its  extermination  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley 
of  northern  New  Mexico  and  places  the  limit  of  its  former  range  in 
western  New  Mexico. 

In  another  place  in  his  monograph  (p.  474)  Dr.  Allen  qualifies  his 
statement  hereinbefore  quoted,  under  the  subheading,  "Probable 
extent  of  its  former  range,"  as  follows: 

Westward  it  extended  over  northern  New  Mexico  and  then  westward  and  northward 
throughout  the  great  Salt  Lake  Basin. 


'Miller,  Gerrit  S.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  64-65. 

2  Allen,  J.  A.,  History  of  the  American  Bison,  Bison  americanus,  Ninth  Ann.  Rep.  U.S.Geol.  &  Geop. 
Surv.  Terr,  for  1875  (Hayden  Survey),  p.  517, 1877. 

3  Bandelier,  A.  F. ,  Final  Report  of  Investigations  among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States, 
Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  Years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  ir,  Papers  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America, 
American  Series, iv,  p.  254, 1892. 

^Hornaday,  William  T.,  The  Extermination  of  the  American  Bison,  Ann.  Rep.   U.  S.  Nat.  Museum 
for  1887, 1889. 


14  BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

In  a  note  dated  February  27,  1911,  in  reference  to  this  latter  state 
ment,  he  says: 

1  am  able  to  qualify  the  last  part  of  that  statement  on  the  basis  of  hitherto  unpub 
lished  information  received  from  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  the  well-known  natural  history 
collector,  who  wrote  me  that  in  1870  he  found  bison  bones,  some  of  them  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation,  about  20  miles  west  of  Fort  Wingate,  N.  Mex.,  and  hence  not 
far  from  the  boundary  line  between  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  This  will  bring  its 
former  range  to  the  latitude  of  Santa  Fe.  My  present  belief  is  that  it  formerly  ranged 
over  northwestern  New  Mexico. 

Bison  bones  were  found  deep  in  the  debris  of  a  cave  on  the  upper 
Tularosa  River,  in  western  Socorro  County,  N.  Mex.,  by  Dr.  Walter 
Hough,  but  these  may  have  been  brought  from  a  distance  and 
deposited  in  the  cave  for  ceremonial  purposes.1 

Hodge  gives  as  Bison  clans  at  various  pueblos:  San  Ildefonso, 
Koo-tdoa;  Pecos,  Tdshtye'+;  Acoma,  Mos7iaich-hanoqch ;  Sia,  Mu- 
shd'ch-hdno. 

Kuwa  (akin  to  Isleta  koare,  Ovis  canadensis),  or  pi'ylcuwa  (pi'y, 
mountain ;  Jcuwa,  Ovis  canadensis) .     Pi't), '  mountain ',  is  pre- 
joined  to  distinguish  this  animal  from  the  domestic  sheep  and 
goat,  to  which  the  name  Jcuwa  is  also  applied ;  see  below. 
Ovis  canadensis  Shaw.     Mountain  Sheep,  Bighorn. 
This    species  was   reported  near  Santa  Fe  in  1873   by  Cones  and 
Yarrow.2     Bandelier3  says: 

In  1880  I  saw  the  last  mountain  sheep  at  the  Rito.  That  beautiful  animal  has  now 
completely  disappeared  from  the  Yalles  range. 

Heads  have  been  found  in  the  ruins  of  the  plateau. 

The  animal  is  well  known  to  the  Tewa,  though  very  few  of  them 
have  ever  seen  it  alive.  Diego  Roybal  and  other  old  hunters  are 
fond  of  telling  the  widespread  but  absurd  story  of  how  this  animal 
when  pursued  throws  itself  over  a  cliff  and  alights  uninjured  on  its 
horns. 

Kuwa  (akin  to  Isleta  Jcoare  (see  above) ,  meaning  originally  Ovis 

canadensis,  mountain  sheep). 
Domestic  Sheep. 

The  male  sheep  is  usually  called  Jcuwase'y,  'male  sheep'  (kuwa, 
sheep;  se'y,  male),  but  (/anedu(<Spsni.  carnero)  is  also  heard.  Lambs 
are  regularly  called  kuwa'e',  'little  sheep'  (kuwa,  sheep;  V,  diminu 
tive).  When  it  is  desired  to  distinguish  a  sheep  from  a  goat  one  may 

1  Lyon,  M.  W.,  jr.,  Mammal  Remains  from  Two  Prehistoric  Village  Sites  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Museum, xxxi, pp. 647-49,  1906. 

2  Coues,  Elliott,  and  Yarrow,  H.  C. ,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Mammals  Made  in  Portions  of  Nevada, 
Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona  During  the  Years  1871, 1872,  1873,  and  1874,   U.  S. 
Geog.  Explor.  &  Surv.  W.  of  100th  Merid.  (Wheeler  Survey),  v,pp.  68-69, 1875. 

3  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  Final  Report  of  Investigations  Among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States, 
Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  II,  Papers  Archxal.  Imf.  Amer.,  Amer.  Ser.,iv, 
p.  141, 1892. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY  OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  15 

say  Jcuwa  p'opa^i'*,  i cracked  haired  sheep'  (kuwa,  sheep;  7/0,  hair; 
pa" ,  cracked). 

Very  few  of  the  Tewa  own  sheep,  and  the  flocks  consist  of  a  few 
animals  only.  The  sheep  are  never  milked. 

Kuwa  (akin  to  Isleta  Jcoare  (see  above),  meaning  originally     vis 

canadensis,  mountain  sheep). 
Domestic  Goat. 

If  it  is  desired  to  distinguish  goat  from  sheep,  one  may  say  Jcuwa 
pW&UF'i9?,  'smooth  haired  goat'  (Jcuwa,  sheep,  goat;  p'o,  hair;  'gfe', 
smooth,  not  cracked  or  rough  like  a  sheep's  hair).  The  male  goat  is 
called  Jcuwase'y,  'male  goat' (Jcuwa, goat;  se'y,  male)  or  tsiftatu  (  <Span. 
chibato}. 

Few  goats  are  kept  by  the  Tewa.  Goats  are  milked,  usually  by 
the  women. 

Toy. 

Antilocapra  americana  (Orel.).     Antelope,  Pronghorn. 

This  species  is  still  found  alive  in  parts  of  New  Mexico  and  was 
known  to  the  cliff-dwellers  of  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  An  old  Sai\ 
Ildefonso  Indian  says  that  he  formerly  hunted  antelope  on  the  Pajarito 
Plateau,  mostly  near  the  Rio  Grande  Canyon,  but  they  are  now  all 
gone. 

Speaking  of  the  dry  valley  between  the  Sierra  de  los  Dolores  and 
the  Sierra  de  San  Francisco,  south  of  the  Tewa  country,  Bandelier  * 
says  that  "in  most  places  it  is  grassy,  and  haunted  by  antelopes." 

Hodge  gives  as  Antelope  clans  of  various  Pueblos:  San  Ildefonso, 
Ton-tdoa;  Isleta,  T' am-t' aimn;  Laguna,  Kur'tsi-hdnoch;  Acoma, 
Kur'ts-hdnoq071;  Sia,  Ku'ts-hdno;  San  Felipe,  Kuuts-hano;  Cochiti, 
Ku'ts-hdnuch .  An  antelope  which  destroyed  human  beings  figures 
in  Sia  mythology. 

Ta-  (akin  to  Taos  tounemd) . 

Cervus  canadensis  Erxl.  Wapiti,  American  Elk. 
It  appears  that  there  are  no  elk  now  in  the  region,  according  to 
both  Indian  and  white  informants,  though  the  species  above  men 
tioned  formerly  ranged  southward  into  the  mountains  of  northern 
New  Mexico.  Bandelier  2  rather  indefinitely  reports  it  at  El  Rito 
de  los  Frijoles.  Two  San  Ildefonso  Indians  who  have  hunted  much 
informed  the  writers  that  they  were  familiar  with  the  species  from 
having  seen  it  in  southern  Colorado,  but  had  never  known  it  on  the 
Pajarito  Plateau.  Cope  3  says: 

1  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  Final  Report  of  Investigations  among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States, 
Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  Years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  II,  Papers  A  rcJixol.  Inst.  Amer.,  Amcr.  Ser.,iv,  p.  106, 
1892. 

"Bandolier,  A.  F.,  op.  cit.,  p.  141. 

a  Cope,  E.  D.,  Report  on  the  Geology  of  that  Part  of  Northwestern  New  Mexico  Examined  During  the 
Field  Season  of  1874,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  8.  Geog.  Explor.  &  Surv.  W.  of  100th  Merid.Jor  1875,  p.  92;  Report 
upon  the  Extinct  Vertebrata  Obtained  in  New  Mexico  by  Parties  of  the  Expedition  of  1874,  ibid.,  1877, 
iv,  pt.  n,  p.  18. 


16  BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  |  HI-LI,  nc, 

In  exploring  the  hills  of  this  formation  along  the  Puereo,  1  found  the  horns  of  an 
elk  (Cervus  canadensis).  This  locality  must  be  near  the  southern  limit  of  its  range. 
I  learned  that  it  is  not  uncommon  on  the  high  plateau  near  Tierra  Amarilla  on  the 
northeast. 

Morrison,1  writing  of  the  mountains  more  than  a  hundred  miles 
south  of  Santa  Fe,  reported  that  "  the  elk,  once  very  plentiful  in  these 
mountains,  is  now  very  rarely  seen."  The  latter  may  refer  to  an 
other  species  of  elk,  Cervus  merriami  Nelson,  whose,  range  is  given 
as  the  White  Mountains  of  Arizona  and  the  Mongollon  Mountains 
"  of  New  Mexico.  One  or  the  other  species  of  this  noble  animal  was 
doubtless  known  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

According  to  information  obtained  from  an  aged  Indian  of  Santa 
Clara  pueblo  by  Miss  B.  W.  Freire-Marreco,  elk  of  the  smaller  sort,  not 
so  large  as  the  great  elk,  are  rarely  seen  in  the  mountains  north  of 
the  Tewa  country.  What  animal  is  really  meant  was  not  ascertained. 

P%'  (akin  to  Taos  psend,  Isleta  pi'ue,  2+  plu.  pimnin,  Bartlett's 

Piro  "pi-ye,"  Jemez  pa). 
Odocoileus  hemionus  (Raf  .)  .     Mule  Deer,  Colorado  Black  Tail. 

A  young  deer  of  this  species  is  called  by  the  Tewa  either  p&'e. 
(p%',  mule  deer;  V,  diminutive),  or  mage.  The  latter  word  can  not 
be  etymologized,  and  is  the  only  animal  name  of  Tewa  origin  known 
to  the  writers  which  is  applied  only  to  the  young  of  a  species. 

The  cured  skin  of  p%'  and  also  of  the  western  white-tailed  deer  and 
the  elk  is  caUed  puje,  this  word  being  commonly  applied  to  the  cured 
skin  of  these  three  animals  only.  The  fresh  skin  or  the  skin  on  the- 
animal  is  known  as  pdB'Jc'owa,  'deer  skin'  (p&'}  Odocoileus  hemionus; 
k*owa,  tegument,  skin). 

Hodge  gives  as  Deer  clans  of  various  pueblos:  San  Ildefonso, 
Pdn-tdda;  Santa  Clara,  Pd-tdoa;  Isleta,  Pim-t'aimn;  Pecos,  Pa'+;  Sia 
and  San  Felipe,  Dydni-hano;  Zuni,  SJiohoita-kwe.  The  mule  deer  is 
prominent  in  Tewa  mythology. 

This  is  the  common  Deer  of  the  region.  We  saw  but  one  (a  doe) 
while  at  Frijoles  canyon,  but  three  others  were  reported  by  the 
Indians  while  we  were  there.  Even  Tewa  boys  are  aware  that  "a 
lady  deer  is  without  antlers.'7  It  is  said  that  deer  of  this  species 
were  plentiful  in  former  times,  and  deer  products  were  much  used  by 
the  Tewa. 

Huia'psB'  'dry  juniper  deer'  (Tiy,,  'one-seeded  juniper',  Juniperus 
monosperma;  far,  'dryness',  'dry';  p%m,  'mule  deer',  Odo 
coileus  Jiemionus  Raf.). 


This  is  said  to  be  a  species  of  deer  distinct  from  the  pse'. 

i  Morrison,  Charles  C.,  Executive  and  Descriptive  Report  of  Lieut.  Charles  C.  Morrison,  Sixth  Cav 
alry,  on  the  Operations  of  Party  No.  2,  Colorado  Section,  Field  Reason  of  1877.  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Grog. 
Explor.  &  Surv.  W.  of  100th  Maid.,  for  1878,  p.  137,  1878. 


SRRIBXOTON]  ETHNOZOtiLOGV  OF  THE  TEWA  INDIANS  17 


Odocoileus  americanus  macroums  (Hal'.).  Western  White-tailed 
Deer. 

This  is  the  Tewa  name  of  the  animal  known  in  New  Mexican 
Spanish  as  cola  larga.  The  'ohuy  is  mentioned  in  Tewa  myths  as  one 
of  the  larger  game  animals.  The  cured  skin  of  the  'ohuy,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  mule  deer  and  the  elk,  is  called  puje,  'deerskin',  'buckskin'. 

We  have  questioned  only  three  San  Ildefonso  Indians  concerning 
this  species  of  deer.  They  stated  that  the  jyse'  and  'ohuy  differ  only 
as  regards  the  tail,  the  form  of  the  antlers  and  the  body-color  being 
the  same.  It  is  evident  that  they  had.  not  closely  observed  the 
antlers  and  the  general  color. 

Pu\ 

Lepus  campestris  Bach.     White-tailed  Jackrabbit. 
Jackrabbits  are  reported  by  both  whites  and  Indians,  but  with 
no  information  as  to  the  species.     The  white-tailed  form  is  reported 
by  Nelson.1 

Pw. 

Lepus  bairdi  Hayden.     Rocky  Mountain  Snowshoe  Rabbit. 
Recorded  from  30  miles  north  of  Taos  and  from  Chama  by  Nelson,2 
and  from  Taos  by  Coues  and  Yarrow.3 

Pu\ 

Lepus  callotu  Wagler  ?     White-sided  Jackrabbit. 
Reported  at  San  Pedro,  N.  Mex.,  about  35  or  40  miles  south  of 
El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  in  1873,  by  Coues  and  Yarrow.4     As  this  is 
far  beyond  the  supposed  range  of  the  species,  perhaps  it  should  be 
referred  to  the  next. 

Pu'. 

Lepus  califomicus  texianus  Waterhouse.     Texas  Jackrabbit. 
We  have  no  record  of  this  species  from  the  Pajarito  Plateau,  but 
New  Mexico,  except  the  northeastern  part,  is  included  within  its 
range,5  so  it  should  be  looked  for  in  our  area. 

Pu'. 

Domestic  rabbit,  domestic  hare. 
The  name  was  originally  applied  to  Jackrabbits. 

Pu\ 

Pu'wa'g.1,  'Jackrabbit  like'  (pum,  Jackrabbit;  wa'gi,  like). 

Guinea  pig. 

1  Nelson,  E.  W.,  The  Rabbits  of  North  America,  North  American  Fauna,  No.  29,  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  74,  78,  1909. 

2  Nelson,  E.  W.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  109-12. 

«  Coues,  Elliott,  and  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  126. 


6 Nelson,  E.  W.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  142-45 


18  fcUKEAtf  6F  AMERICAN  EfHNOLOQY  tatrtL.  56 


Pu'  means  jackrabbit,  domestic  rabbit,    domestic  hare;   with  or 
without  wa'gji,  'like',  it  is  applied  to  guinea  pigs. 

Kwqy. 

Sylvilagus  nuttalli  pinetis  (Allen).  Rocky  Mountain  Cottontail. 
Recorded  by  Nelson  1  from  many  northern  New  Mexico  localities, 
including  Costillo  Pass,  Gallinas  Mountains,  Jemez  Mountains,  Hall's 
Peak  (southeast  of  Taos),  San  Antonio  Mountains,  Santa  Clara 
Mountains,  Taos  Mountain,  Tierra  Amarilla,  Tres  Piedras,  and 
Twining  (near  Taos).  We  saw  several,  which  were  probably  this 
species  or  the  next,  at  and  near  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  did  not 
obtain  specimens  for  identification. 


Sylvilagus  auduboni  warreni  Nelson.     Colorado  Cottontail. 

Recorded  by  Nelson  2  from  San  Antonio  Mountains,  Tres  Piedras, 
and  other  localities  in  northwestern  New  Mexico. 

The  New  Mexico  cottontail  (Sylvilagus  auduboni  neomexicanus 
Nelson)  a'ppears  to  range  from  the  Pecos  Valley  eastward,  hence  it 
does  not  come  within  our  area. 

So-y. 

Ereftiizon  epixanthum  Brandt.     Yellow-haired  Porcupine. 

We  saw  no  signs  of  porcupines  about  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.     At 

the  old  Buckman  sawmill,  at  the  base  of  the  mountains,  we  saw  the 

skin  of  one  which  had  been  killed  there.     San  Ildefonso  Indians 

,  report  its  occurrence  in  the  mountains  and  sometimes  in  the  fields,  and 

are  f  amiliar  with  its  habit  of  gnawing  the  bark  of  trees.     The  smaller 

hairs  are  called  p'o  and  the  large  spine-like  hairs  yw%',  a  word  which 

is  applied  also  to  the  thorns  of  plants.     The  Indians  believe  that 

when  angry  the  so'y  has  the  power  of  shooting  these  r)w%'  like  arrows. 

Pe',  or  pe-da  (pe',  Zapus  princeps;  M,  unexplained). 
?  Zapus  princeps  Allen.     Rocky  Mountain  Jumping  Mouse. 
Reported  at  Camp  Burgwyn3  [Cantonment  Burgwin]  and  Santa  Fe 
by  Preble.4     Both  whites  and  Indians  describe  a  mouselike  animal 
with  long,  kangaroo-like  hind  legs  and  short  forelegs,  at  El  Rito  de 
los  Frijoles,  but  we  did  not  succeed  in  catching  any  for  identification, 
and  can  not  feel  sure  from  the  description  that  it  is  a  jumping 
mouse.     One  Indian  reported  that  pe'  is  smaller  than  the  deermouse, 
and  pe'da  considerably  larger.     They  may  represent  some  species  of 
pocket  mouse  and  a  kangaroo  rat. 

»  Nelson,  E.  W.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  207-11. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  231-32. 

8  The  Cantonment  Burgwin  specimen  has  been  referred  to  a  distinct  species,  Zapus  luleus.  See  Miller 
in  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  p.  253,  Dec.  23,  1911  .  Miller  also  reports  Z.  luteus  from  Espanola, 
Taos  County,  and  from  Cloudcroft,  Otero  County. 

«  Preble,  Edward  A.,  Revision  of  the  Jumping  Mice  of  the  Genus  Zapus,  North  American  Fauna,  no.  15, 
Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  22-23,  1899. 


HARRINGTON]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE    TEWA   INDIANS  19 


Perognaihus  flavescens  Merriam.     Plains  Pocket  Mouse. 
Reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Osgood.1 


Perognaihus  flavus  Baird.     Baird's  Pocket  Mouse. 
Reported  at  Taos  by  Osgood.2 


Perognaihus  apache  Merriam.     Apache  Pocket  Mouse. 
Reported  at  Espanola,  San  Pedro,  and  Santa  Fe,  by  Osgood.3 

Tfugi. 

Thoniomys  aureus  pervagus  Merriam.     Roaming  Pocket  Gopher. 
The  type  locality  is  Espaiiola.4 

Gopher  mounds  are  abundant  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  we 
obtained  no  specimens  of  the  gopher  for  identification.  They  may 
be  this  species,  which  was  described  from  a  locality  not  far  away. 
The  Indians  accurately  described  the  habits  of  the  animal  in  digging 
its  holes,  pushing  the  earth  out  to  form  a  mound,  and  then  covering 
the  entrance  with  earth  by  working  from  within. 


Microtus  mordax  Merriam.     Cantankerous  Vole,  Field  Mouse. 

Reported  at  Chama  by  Bailey.5 

A  good  line  of  traps  repeatedly  set  in  all  sorts  of  places  at  El  Rito 
de  los  Frijoles  failed  to  catch  any  voles  or  indeed  any  of  the  mam 
mals  smaller  than  chipmunks  except  deer-mice. 

Fiber  zibeihicus  osoyoosensis  Lord.     Muskrat. 

Reported  at  Rinconada  (north  of  Santa  Fe),  by  Hollister,6  who 
also  records  F.  z.  pallidus  Mearns  at  Albuquerque. 

Pini'i  ? 

Neotoma  albigula  Hartley.     White-throated  Wood  Rat. 
Reported  at  Abiquiu,  Chama  Canyon,  Espanola,  San  Pedro,  Santa 
Clara  Canyon,  Rinconado,  etc.,  by  Goldman.7 

Both  whites  and  Indians  described  a  bluish-gray,  round-tailed  rat 
which  gathers  pinon  nuts  for  winter  food  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles, 
and  we  saw  one  nest  which  seemed  to  be  that  of  a  wood  rat.  No 
specimens  were  obtained  for  identification.  San  Ildefonso  Indians 

1  Osgood,  Wilfred  H.,  Revision  of  the  Pocket  Mice  of  the  Genus  Perognathus,  North  American  Fauna, 
no.  18,  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  20-21,  1900. 

-  Ibid.,  pp.  23-24. 
s  Ibid.,  pp.  26-27. 

*  Merriam,  0.  Hart,  Descriptions  of  Twenty-Three  New  Pocket  Gophers  of  the  Genus  Thomomys,  Proc. 
Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xiv,  p.  110,  1901. 

5  Bailey,  Vernon,  Revision  of  American  Voles  of  the  Genus  Microtus,  North  American  Fauna,  no.  17, 
Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  49-50,  1900. 

6  Hollister,  N.,  A  Systematic  Synopsis  of  the  Muskrats,  North  American  Fauna,  no.  32,  Biol.  Surv., 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  26,  1911. 

7  Goldman,  Edward  A.,  Revision  of  the  Wood  Rats  of  the  Genus  Neotoma,  North  American  Fauna,  no. 
31,  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  31-33,  1910. 


20  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  50 

also  told  of  pini'i,  a  big  whitish  rat,  with  a  very  bad  odor  which  they 
compare  to  that  of  a  skunk,  at  Ojo  Caliente. 

Qwsr/y  ? 

Neotoma  mexicana  fallax  Merriam.     Colorado  or  Gale's  Wood 

Rat. 

Reported  Jrom  Chama  River,  Gallina,  Gallinas  Mountains,  Tres 
Piedras,  Twining,  etc.,  by  Goldman.1 

Qwsz'yjo'  (qw&y,  Neotoma  mexicana  fallax  Merriam?;  jo',  aug 

mentative). 
Neotoma    cinerea     orolestes    Merriam.     Colorado     Bushy-tailed 

Wood  Rat. 

Reported  from  Agua  Fria,  Chama,  Costillo  Pass,  Jemez  Mountains, 
Taos,  Taos  Mountains,  Tierra  Amarilla,  Tres  Piedras,  Twining,  etc., 
by  Goldman.2 

This  is  the  animal  known  through  the  southern  Rocky  Mountains 
as  the  "mountain  rat"  and  "pack  rat,"  but  is  called  by  Goldman,  in 
his  Revision,  the  "Colorado  bushy-tailed  wood  rat." 


Peromyscus    maniculatus     rufinus     (Merriam).     Tawny     Deer- 

mouse. 

Reported  at  Abiquiu,  Chama,  Chama  River,  Espanola,  Gallina, 
Gallinas  Mountains,  Jemez  Mountains,  Santa  Clara  Canyon,  Taos, 
Taos  Mountain,  Taos  Pueblo,  Tierra  Amarilla,  and  other  localities 
in  northern  New  Mexico,  by  Osgood.3 

We  collected  one  specimen  above  camp  at  El  Rito  delos  Frijoles, 
which  was  identified  by  Mr.  Warren. 


Peromyscus  leucopus  tornillo  (Mearns).     Tornillo  Deer-mouse. 
Reported  at  Santa  Fe  and  other  New  Mexico  localities,  chiefly 
southwest  of  Santa  Fe,  by  Osgood.4 


Peromyscus  truei  (Shufeldt).     True's  Deer-mouse. 

Reported  at  Espanola,  Gallinas  Mountains,  and  other  localities, 
by  Osgood.5 

This  is  the  only  species  of  white-footed  deer-mouse  common  at 
El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  Canyon.  The  identity  of  our  specimens  was 
confirmed  by  Mr.  Warren.  The  Indians  thought  the  bluish-gray 
specimens  were  male  and  those  with  more  ochraceous  color  were 
female,  instead  of  being  young  and  adult  of  each  sex  respectively. 

1  Goldman,  Edward  A.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  56-58. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  104-05. 

3  Osgood,  Wilfred  H.,  Revision  of  the  Mice  of  the  American  Genus  Peromyscus,  North  American  Fauna, 
no.28,  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  72-74,  1909. 

*  Ibid.,  pp.  125-26. 
&  Ibid.,  pp.  165-69. 


.^]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  21 

When  (questioned  as  to  their  habits  the  Indians  said  these  mice  "get 
young  in  the  spring,  the  same  as  horses  and  cows,  and  give  them  milk 
just  the  same." 


Mus  musculus  Linn.     Domestic  Mouse. 


Epimys  7iorvegicus  (Erxl.)-   Domestic  Rat. 

It  is  said  that  there  are  no  domestic  rats  in  New  Mexico.  Domestic 
mice  are  as  common  in  Indian  houses  as  in  those  of  Mexicans  and 
Americans.  These  mice  are  called  ratones  in  New  Mexican  Spanish. 

'Ojo  (?  akin  to  Taos  pajand,  Isleta  pat  fare,  Castor  canadensis 

frondator  Mearns). 

Castor  canadensis  frondator  Mearns.     Broad-tailed  Beaver. 
The  Tewa  sometimes  call  the  beaver  po''ojo,  'water  beaver'  (per, 

water;  'ojo,  beaver). 

Whites  and  Indians  both  report  beaver  along  the  Rio  Grande, 
probably  of  this  species;  but  the  lateral  canyons  in  the  neighborhood 
of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  support  none  now,  if  they  ever  did. 

The  beaver  wTas  hunted  and  eaten  by  the  Tewa,  and  its  use  as  food   ^ 
is  said  by  them  to  have  no  ill  effect. 
«  __ 

Marmota  fiaviventer  (Aud.  &  Bach).     Western  Woodchuck. 
None  were  seen  and  no  information  concerning  them  in  our  area 
was  obtained.     Reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Coues  and  Yarrow.1 

JB-. 

Cynomys  gunnisoni  (Baird).     Gunnison's  Prairie  Dog. 

None  found  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  abundant  at  Valle 
Grande  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  just  beyond  the  head  of  the  Rito. 
The  Indians  report  prairie  dogs  also  at  San  Ildefonso  and  other  points 
along  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  bark  of  the  lei'  is  well  imitated  by  Tewa  men.  They  say: 
lei'  n(itu,  "the  prairie  dog  speaks  or  gives  his  cry"  (lei',  Cynomys 
gunnisoni  (Baird);  nq,  it;  tu,  to  speak). 


Citellus  tridecemlineatus  pallidus  (Allen).     Striped  Spermophile. 
Citellus  tridecemlineatus  Mitch,  was  reported  at  Tierra  Amarilla  by 
Coues  and  Yarrow.3     This  record  should  probably  be  referred  to  the 
subspecies  pallidus,  which  is  found  north  of  that  locality  in  Colorado* 


Citellus  grammurus  (Say).     Rock  Squirrel. 

This  large,  speckled,  bushy-tailed  ground  squirrel,  its  body  a  foot 
long,  is  abundant  in  the  canyons  about  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  It  is 
recognized  by  the  Indians  as  a  ground  squirrel,  with  habits  distinct 

1  Coues,  Elliott,  and  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  123.  2  Ibid.,  p.  120. 


22  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

from  those  of  tree  squirrels.  Three  of  them  said  that  it  sheds  its 
haii-  in  April  and  May,  that  the  hair  begins  to  thicken  in  July,  and 
that  late  in  August  it  gets  "  nice,  warm  hair,  to  fix  up  for  the  winter." 
The  accuracy  of  some  of  the  dates  may  be  doubted.  This  ground 
squirrel  damages  their  provisions.  The  Tewa  eat  the  flesh,  but  do 
not  use  the  skin. 


Callospermophilus  lateralisl  (S&y}  .     Say's  Ground  Squirrel,  "Big 
Chipmunk". 

Common  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  about  the  headwaters  of  El 
Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  not  seen  by  us  on  the  mesas  or  in  the  canyons 
which  cut  them.  Easily  recognized  by  lateral  yellowish  stripe  and 
black  stripe;  it  is  smaller  than  pine  squirrel.  Said  to  be  common 
throughout  the  mountains  of  northern  New  Mexico.  Our  Indian 
informants  recognized  the  species,  distinguishing  it  from  the  other 
squirrels  by  its  appearance,  its  habits,  and  its  habita.t,  though  they  gave 
them  the  same  name.  They  say  it  is  restricted  to  the  mountains  and 
correctly  consider  it  a  ground  squirrel.  It  is  used  by  them  for  food. 

Kuwije. 

Eutamias  quadrivittatus  (Say).     Four-lined  Colorado  Chipmunk. 

Abundant  in  the  canyons,  in  the  mountains,  and  along  the  edges  at 

least  of  the  mesas.     The  Indians  use  it  for  food  and  are  quite  familiar 

with  its  range  and  habits.     Recognized  by  its  small  size  and  the 

alternating  light  and  dark  stripes  on  the  back. 

SQJW%. 

Sciurus  aberti  Woodhouse.  Abert's  Tufted-ear  Squirrel. 
This  is  the  finest  squirrel  of  the  region,  as  large  as  the  rock  squirrel, 
gray  above,  white  beneath,  with  long  and  very  bushy  tail,  its  long 
leaps  from  tree  to  tree  never  failing  to  excite  the  utmost  admiration. 
We  found  it  only  among  the  big  rock  pines  on  the  mesas,  where  it  is 
rather  cominion.  It  was  long  ago  reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Coues  and 
Yarrow,1  and  from  Santa  Fe  to  Taos  by  Coues  and  Allen.2  It  is 
eaten  by  the  Indians.  The  tufts  of  hair  on  the  ears  are  called  'ojep'o, 
'  ear  hairs  '  . 

So'wse. 

Sciurus  fremonti  Aud.   &  Bach.     Fremont's  Chickaree,    "Pine 
Squirrel". 

Abundant  in  the  Jemez  Mountains.  Our  Indians  declared  that  it 
occurs  only  among  the  firs  and  spruces,  a  statement  well  founded  but 
too  sweeping.  Although  almost  universally  called  "pine  squirrel" 
in  Colorado,  it  is  found  in  various  parts  of  that  State  much  more 
commonly  among  the  firs  and  spruces  and  not  abundant  among  the 
rock  pines.  In  New  Mexico  in  ascending  the  canyon  of  El  Rito  de 

1  Coues,  Elliott,  and  Yarrow,  R.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  115. 

2  Cones,  Elliott,  and  Allen,  ,T.  A.,  Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia,  Final  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv, 
Tor.,  xi,  pp.  737-38,  1877. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEW  A  INDIANS  23 

los  Frijoles  we  encountered  the  first  one  where  we  first  found  firs, 
about  2  miles  above  the  house  of  Judge  Abbott,  but  he  says  it  occa 
sionally  is  seen  downstream  as  far  as  his  ranch.  Allen  l  has  described 
a  subspecies  (Sciurus  fremonti  neomexicanus)  from  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Taos  Mountains  in  Coif  ax  and  Moro  Counties,  "very  different 
from  specimens  from  central  and  northern  Colorado,"  but  he  records 
a  specimen  from  Chama,  which  he  refers  to  fremonti.  Our  specimens 
from  the  Jemez  Mountains,  collected  in  August,  1910,  were  found  to 
be  slightly  redder  than  specimens  taken  in  northwestern  Colorado 
in  August,  1909,  but  possibly  the  latter  had  faded  a  trifle.  Though 
smaller  than  some  others,  this  is  the  best  food  squirrel  in  the  region. 

Po'tse'e. 

Lutra  canadensis  (Schreber).     Canadian  Otter. 

Po'tse'e. 

Lutra  canadensis  sonora  Rhoads.     Sonoran  Otter. 
Mr.  Dowell,  who  has  trapped  extensively  in  the  region,  says  the 
otter  occurs  along  the  Rio  Grande  near  by.     The  Indians  confirm 
this,  and  fragments  of  otter  skin  are  worn  by  them.     Without  speci 
mens  for  identification  we  can  not  know  which  form  it  is. 

Je-. 

?  Mustela  arizonensis  Mearns.     Mountain  Weasel. 

Weasels  are  reported  at  San  Ildefonso  by  the  Indians,  but  we  have 
no  specimens  for  identification.  Coues  and  Yarrow  2  reported  Puto- 
rius  longicauda  Merriam  at  Taos,  but  this  region  seems  more  likely 
to  be  within  the  range  of  arizonensis,  much  more  recently  described. 
Mustela  streatori  leptus  Merriam  may  also  extend  into  northern  New 
Mexico. 

Hodge  gives  Dye-tdoa  as  " Gopher"  clans  of  San  Juan,  Santa  Clara, 
San  Ildefonso,  and  Tesuque,  and  Ye-tdoa  as  "Lizard  "  clans  of  San 
Juan  and  San  Ildefonso. 
1 

Lutreola  vison  energumenos  Bangs.     Western  Mink. 
Mr.  Dowell  says  mink  occur  along  the  Rio  Grande  near  El  Rito  de 
los  Frijoles. 


Maries  caurina  origenes  (Rhoads).     Rocky  Mountain  Marten. 

Hodge  states  that  Bandelier  gives  a  "Marten"  clan  as  existing  at 
San  Juan  pueblo. 

Coues  and  Yarrow  3  recorded  Mustela  americana  Turton  from  Taos. 
That  is  a  species  of  the  north.  It  is  likely  the  more  recently  described 
southern  form. 

1  Allen,  J.  A.,  Revision  of  the  Chickarees,  or  North  American  Red  Squirrels  (Suhgenus  Tamiasciurus), 
Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  x,  pp.  291-94, 1898. 

2  Coues,  Elliott,  and  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  59. 
*Ibid.,p.61. 

69231°— Bull.  56—14 3 


24  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Ke'a. 

Taxidea  taxus  Schreber.     Badger. 

Hodgo  gives  as  Badger  clans  of  various  pueblos:  San  Juan,  Keya- 
tdoa;  Santa  Qara,  Ked-tdoa;  San  Ildefonso,  Kea-tdoa;  Jemez,  Son- 
sadsh;  Pecos,  Sollil  + ;  Laguna,  CMp'i-Jidnoch;  Sia,  Tyupi-hdno;  Zufii, 
Tonashi-kwe. 

We  found  no  badgers  nor  their  holes  at  El  Bito  de  los  Frijoles, 
and  could  learn  of  none.  At  the  old  Buckman  sawmill,  at  the  base 
of  the  Jemez  Mountains,  we  chased  two  into  their  hole,  but  did  not 
get  them.  Two  of  the  Indians  told,  with  much  glee,  of  the  fighting 
qualities  of  this  animal  and  its  great  energy  in  digging.  They  told 
also  of  how  a  badger  caught  one  of  them  by  the  trousers  and  held  on 
//until  it  was  dragged  a  long  distance  to  the  river  and  into  the  water. 

Sd'. 

Mephitis  mesomelas  varians  Gray.  Long-tailed  Texas  Skunk. 
The  Indians  report  striped  skunks  at  San  Ildefonso,  which  appears 
to  be  within  the  probable  range  of  this  species.  We  learned  of  no 
spotted  skunks,  though  the  region  is  between  the  known  range  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  species  (Spilogale  tennis  Ho  well)  and  that  of  the 
Great  Basin  species  (Spilogale  gracilis  saxatilis  Merriam),  so  one  or 
the  other  probably  occurs  within  our  area.  Skunk  skins  are  used 
by  the  Tewa  for  ceremonial  purposes. 

Ke'  (akin  to  Taos  koaand,  Isleta  Jcoaire,  bear). 
Bear  (any  species). 
Ursus  horribilis  Ord.     Grizzly  Bear. 
Ursus  Jiorribilis  Jiorriseus  Baird.     Sonora  Grizzly. 
Ursus  americanus  Pallas.     Black  Bear. 

The  Jemez  name  is  pwdlq;  the  Cochiti  name  is  Jcohaju,  the  Hopi 
name  lionau'w. 

Hodge  gives  as  Bear  clans  at  various  pueblos :  San  Juan  and  Nambe, 
Ke-tdoa;  Hano,  Ke-towa;  Pecos,  WhalatddsJi;  Acoma,  Kuwhaia-Mnoqcfl; 
Sia,  Kohai-hdno;  San  Felipe,  Kohai-Jidno;  Cochiti,  Kuhaia-lidnuch; 
Zufii,  Ainshi-kwe. 

As  is  usually  the  case,  the  hunters  interviewed,  white  as  well  as 
Indian,  were  not  sufficiently  familiar  with  the  species  of  bear  to  give 
definite  information.  Whites  talked  about  black,  brown,  and  cin 
namon  bears,  all  of  which  refer  to  color  phases  of  the  black  bear, 
which  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  region.  We  occasionally  saw 
/  bear  tracks.  The  Indians  vaguely  described  five  kinds  of  bear:  Ice" 
rsse,'JiH  hehapftu'i'*,  'big  white  bear'  (Ice:,  bear;  ts%' ,  white;  hehspnu, 
big);  Ice'  fs%''iJi  tfse-'iH,  'little  white  bear'  (Ice',  bear;  tsde' ,  white; 
tfse',  little);  Ice'  tse'ji^,  'yellow  bear'  (Ice',  bear;  tse' ,  yellow);  Ice' 
ydwV\  'brown  bear'  (Ice',  bear;  'a,  brown);  Ice'  p'e.'ydi?.1,  i black 
bear'  (Tee",  bear;  p'e'rj,  black). 

As  this  region  is  within  the  range  of  the  grizzly,  the  "white  bear" 
may  refer  to  either  horribilis  or  its  subspecies  Jiorriseus,  more  likely 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  25 

the  former.  It  is  notable  that  Lewis  and  Clark  and  other  early 
explorers  in  the  West  called  the  grizzly  the  white  bear.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  there  is  but  one  Indian  name  for  the  bear,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  they  describe  five  kinds,  a  nomenclature  paralleled  in  many 
other  languages  of  the  Southwest.  Bandelier  1  says  in  his  Final 
Keport : 

The  bear  makes  great  havoc  among  the  pinon  trees.  Climbing  into  the  tops  for  the 
nuts,  he  tears  off  entire  limbs  and  generally  ruins  the  tree.  Three  kinds  of  bears  are 
spoken  of  by  the  Indians  and  the  Spanish  settlers:  The  silver-tip  (Platiado,  Ko-ha-yo 
Kash-ya),  the  brown  bear  (Oso  Colorado,  Ko-ha-yo  Ke-han-ye),  and  the  black  bear 
(Oso  prieto,  Ko-ha-yo  Moh/-na-ka-nyi). 

Bandelier  doubted  the  identity  of  the  "silver-tip"  with  the  grizzly, 
because  he  did  not  believe  the  latter  species  was  found  in  this  area. 
The  Indian  word-forms  quoted  are  presumably  in  the  Cochiti  dialect 
of  the  Keres  language. 

Po'musa,  i water  cat'  (po',  water;  musa,  house  cat).     See  musa, 
page  29. 

Procyon  lotor  Linn.     Raccoon. 

The  "coon"  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Rio  Grande  Canyon,  near  the 
mouth  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  and  elsewhere.  Russell 2  gives 
va'owtik  as  the  Pima  name  for  this  species,  and  says : 

The  raccoon  is  said  to  be  used  for  food,  though  the  writer  did  not  see  any  cf  the 
animals  or  any  of  their  skins  during  a  stay  of  a  year  and  a  half  in  Arizona. 

Tse  (akin  to  Taos  tsuland,  dog). 
Domestic  Dog. 

The  Isleta  call  the  dog  qwianue,  the  Jemez  Wdny,  the  Hopi  pokb, 
the  Zuni  wdtsita. 

There  is  some  direct  and  much  indirect  evidence  that  domesticated 
dogs  were  widely  distributed  among  the  North  American  Indians 
before  the  landing  of  Columbus.  The  fact  that  all  Indian  languages 
which  have  come  to  our  attention  contain  native  names  for  the  dog, 
distinct  from  that  applied  to  the  coyote,  wolf,  and  fox,  is  significant. 
No  less  significant  is  the  fact  that  the  names  for  the  horse  and  other 
animals  introduced  by  the  whites  are  either  newly  coined  words  of  de 
scriptive  meaning,  modifications  of  the  names  for  some  other  animal, 
or  adaptations  of  the  names  used  by  white  men.  The  Indians  of  the 
Southwest,  including  the  Pueblos,  are  not  exceptions.  They  have 
native  names  for  the  dog,  while  their  names  for  the  horse  are  either 
descriptive,  compound,  or  derived  from  the  Spanish.  Possibly  an 
examination  of  early  Spanish  documents  relating  to  the  Southwest 
would  develop  direct  statements  in  regard  to  dogs  found  in  possession 
of  the  natives  at  their  earliest  contact  with  the  whites,  but  lack  of 
present  access  to  the  literature  as  well  as  lack  of  time  prevent  us 
from  going  far  into  the  subject. 

1  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  op.  cit.,  p.  150,  note. 

2  Russell,  Frank,  The  Pima  Indians,  Twenty-sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amcr.  Ethn.,  p.  82, 1908. 


26  SUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  IBULL.  5G 

The  hairless  dogs  of  Mexico,  Peru,  and  South  America,  of  several 
kinds,  existed  there  when  the  Spaniards  landed,  according  to  various 
accounts.1  All  Peruvian  dogs  are  said  to  have  been  derived  from 
the  Inca  shepherd  dog.2  The  Eskimo  dog  was  described  as  early  as 
1647,  and  in  various  parts  of  the  north  polar  region,  races  or  tribes  have 
developed  quite  different  systems  of  calls  for  the  direction  of  their  dog 
teams;  indicating  long  use.3  The  Flatheads,4  Menomini,5  and  many 
other  Indians  mention  dogs  in  their  myths,  but  unless  we  know  the 
age  of  the  myths,  which  may  have  incorporated  references  to  the 
dog  after  the  invasion  of  the  whites,  they  are  of  little  value  in  this 
connection.  The  Pima  have  a  myth  giving  the  origin  of  the  horse,6 
which  was  surely  introduced.  However,  it  is  not  likely  that  such  a 
myth  as  the  white  dog  and  woman  myth7  could  be  so  widespread 
unless  very  ancient. 

McGee  8  says : 

It  is  significant  that  the  Dakota  word  for  horse  (suk-tay'-ka  or  suy-ka'-wa-kay} 
is  composed  of  the  word  for  dog(suy/-ka},  with  an  affix  indicating  greatness,  sacredness 
or  mystery  .  .  .  and  that  several  terms  for  harness  and  other  appurtenances 
correspond  with  those  used  for  the  gear  of  the  dog  when  used  as  a  draft  animal.  This 
terminology  corroborates  the  direct  evidence  that  the  dog  was  domesticated  by  the 
Siouan  aborigines  long  before  the  advent  of  the  horse. 

Bones  of  dogs  have  been  reported  from  the  ancient  kitchen-middens 
of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  bones  of  other  animals  apparently  bearing 
the  tooth-marks  of  dogs.9 

The  De  Soto  expedition  in  1539-1542,  within  half  a  century  after 
the  landing  of  Columbus,  at  an  Indian  village  in  the  mountains  of 
Georgia  or  South  Carolina  was  "  welcomed  in  a  friendly  manner,  the 
Indians  giving  them  a  little  corn  and  many  wild  turkeys,  together 
with  some  dogs  of  a  peculiar  small  species,  which  were  bred  for  eating 
purposes  and  did  not  bark."  10 

In  the  reports  of  the  Coronado  expedition  to  the  Southwest  from 
1540  to  1542,  the  same  period  covered  by  De  Soto  in  the  Southeast, 
dogs  were  reported  in  abundant  use  as  beasts  of  burden  by  the 
Indians  of  the  Staked  Plains  and  elsewhere.11 


1  Lockington,  W.  N.,  The  Riverside  Natural  History,  article  on  Carnivorae. 

2  Brinton,  Daniel  G.,  The  American  Race,  p.  212,  1891. 

3  Langkavel,  B.,  Dogs  and  Savages,  Smithsonian  Rep.  for  1898,  p.  659-60,  1899. 
« Ibid.,  p.  651. 

s  Hoffman,  Walter  James,  The  Menomini  Indians,  Fourteenth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  pt.  i, 
pp. 179-194, 1896. 

6  Russell,  Frank,  The  Pima  Indians,  Twenty-sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  p.  241, 1908. 

7  Dorsey,  George  A.,  and  Kroeber,  Alfred  L.,  Traditions  of  the  Arapaho,Pw&.  no.  81,  Field  Columbian 
Museum,  v,  pp.  207-09, 1903. 

s  McGee,  W  J,  Siouan  Indians,  Fifteenth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  p.  174, 1897. 

9  Marquis  de  Nadaillac,  Pre-historic  America,  pp.  49-50, 535, 1895. 

i°Mooney,  James,  Myths  of  the  Cherokee,  Nineteenth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  pt.  I,  p.  25,  1900 
(quoting  Ranjel). 

n  Langkavel,  B.,  op.  cit.,  p.  661.  Winship,  George  Parker,  The  Coronado  Expedition,  1540-1542,  Four 
teenth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  pt.  I,  pp.  401,  405, 504,  507,  527, 570,  578,  1896. 


HARRINGTON]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  27 

Fewkes  ]  reports :     • 

The  ancient  Hopi  had  a  domestic  dog  which  was  a  pet  rather  than  a  beast  of  burden. 
The  good  qualities  of  this  ~et  were  recognized  and  recounted  in  their  legends. 

Russell 2  says : 

The  only  domesticated  animal  which  there  is  any  certainty  that  the  Pimas  possessed 
at  the  time  of  the  discovery  is  the  dog.  The  old  people  say  that  in  their  youth  the 
dogs  were  all  alike  and  resembled  coyotes.  At  present  there  are  many  small  mon 
grels,  obtained  principally  from  the  Mexicans. 

Hough3  says  that  " remains  of  the  dog  and  turkey  were  found  in 
nearly  every  ruin"  in  northeastern  Arizona. 

Fewkes,  in  his  account  of  certain  Arizona  ruins/  says: 

The  occurrence  of  a  skull  of  the  domesticated  dog  in  one  of  the  graves  at  the  Chaves 
Pass  ruin  is  significant,  showing  that  this  animal  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and 
probably  utilized  by  them.  The  fact  that  this  dog  was  the  broad-faced  variety  is 
particularly  instructive.  It  was  not  apparently  a  domesticated  coyote  or  a  mongrel 
like  those  which  now  are  so  common  in  some  of  the  pueblos. 

Lucas  5  gives  the  following  account  of  this  skull : 

Among  the  many  objects  obtained  by  Dr.  Fewkes  last  summer  from  the  ruined 
pueblo  of  Chaves  Pass,  Arizona,  is  the  cranium  of  a  domesticated  dog,  found  in  a  grave 
with  a  human  skeleton.  Although  the  mere  fact  of  a  dog  being  discovered  under  such 
circumstances  is  in  itself  interesting,  it  is  not  at  first  sight  remarkable,  since  it  is  well 
known  that  in  America,  as  elsewhere,  the  dog  was  domesticated  at  an  early  date,  and 
Clavijero  mentions  an  ancient  dog  which  he  calls  "a  quadruped  of  the  country  of 
Cibola,  similar  in  form  to  a  mastiff,  which  the  Indians  employ  to  carry  burdens." 
Aside  from  the  fact  that  this  is  the  first  dog's  cranium  discovered  by  Dr.  Fewkes,  there 
are  some  points  of  special  interest  in  the  present  case.  Most  of  the  Indian  dogs  are 
more  or  less  wolfish  in  their  aspect,  and  have  long  skulls,  with  comparatively  low 
foreheads,  thus  showing  a  small  degree  of  specialization  in  the  way  of  breed,  and  this 
is  true  of  such  of  the  mummied  dogs  of  Egypt  as  I  have  seen.  The  cranium  of  the 
Chaves  dog,  on  the  contrary,  is  of  the  broad-faced  type,  with  high  forehead,  and, 
curiously  enough,  is  precisely  similar  in  size  and  proportions  to  the  cranium  of  an 
Eskimo  dog  from  Cumberland  Sound1,  the  resemblance  extending  to  the  peculiar 
concavity  and  squareness  of  the  nasal  region.  While  this  is  an  interesting  coincidence, 
it  is  not  brought  forward  as  implying  community  of  origin,  but  as  instancing  long 
domestication  in  order  that  so  well-marked  a  breed  could' be  established.  A  curious 
confirmation  of  the  early  origin  of  this  breed  was  received  from  San  Marcos,  Texas, 
where,  in  excavating  for  ponds,  at  the  station  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  a  human 
skeleton  and  bones  of  other  animals  were  found  in  a  layer  containing  many  flint 
implements,  overlaid  by  two  feet  of  black  soil.  The  bones  were  those  of  existing 
species,  including  teeth  of  several  bison,  and  there  was  also  a  fragment  of  a  dog's  skull 
similar  in  size  and  proportions  to  that  obtained  at  Chaves  Pass. 

From  the  apparent  general  distribution  of  the  dog,  an  animal 
particularly  useful  to  primitive  people  throughout  North  America  at  a 

1  Fewkes,  J.  Walter,  Property-right  in  Eagles  Among  the  Hopi,  Amer.  Anthr.,  n.  s.,  11,  p.  706, 1900. 

1  Russell,  Frank,  op.  cit.,  p.  84. 

a  Hough,  Walter,  Archaeological  Field  Work  In  Northeastern  Arizona:  The  Museum-Gates  Expedi 
tion  of  1901,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  for  1901,  pp.  316,  326,  339,  356,  1903. 

*  Fewkes,  Jesse  Walter,  Two  Summers'  Work  in  Pueblo  Ruins,  Twenty-second  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer. 
Ethn.,  pt.  I,  p.  27, 1904. 

5  Lucas,  F.  A.,  A  Dog  of  the  Ancient  Pueblos,  Science,  n.  *.,  v,  p.  544, 1897. 


28  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

remote  period,  together  with  the  existence  of  native  names  for  dogs  in 
the  Pueblo  dialects,  it  is  practically  certain  that  the  ancient  dwellers 
in  the  region  had  domesticated  dogs.  The  difficulty  of  distinguishing 
the  bones  of  some  of  the  native  dogs  from  those  of  the  coyote  has  been 
emphasized  by  Coues.1  Cross-breeding  with  various  European  dogs 
since  the  advent  of  the  whites,  in  addition  to  cross-breeding  with 
coyotes  and  possibly  with  wolves,  has  developed  a  mixed  race  which 
makes  the  subject  a  difficult  one  to  study  now.  We  have  noticed  the 
frequent  occurrence  of  a  yellowish  short-haired  variety  of  dog  at  San 
Juan  pueblo. 

The  Tewa  give  names  of  most  varied  meaning  to  their  dogs.  One 
dog  at  Santa  Clara  pueblo  is  named  pu'Je',  "little  jackrabbit." 

Tewa  dogs  are  apt  to  lie  in  the  outdoor  adobe  ovens,  when  these  are 
not  in  use,  if  the  openings  are  not  closed  in  some  way. 

Tsirii  (?<Span.  chino).     Curly-haired  Dog. 

The  word  tsini  puzzled  us  much.  It  was  said  to  refer  to  a  kind  of 
small  dog  which  the  Tewa  had  in  primitive  times.  Investigation 
showed  that  the  word  usually  applies  to  a  curly-haired  dog,  small  or 
large.  In  New  Mexican  Spanish  chino  applies  to  a  curly-haired  dog. 
So  far  as  we  know,  Spanish-English  dictionaries  do  not  give  chino 
with  this  meaning.  Guinn,2  however,  mentions  this  usage  of  chino 
in  southern  California:  "Chino,  while  it  does  mean  a  Chinaman,  is 
also  applied  in  Spanish- American  countries  to  persons  or  animals 
having  curly  hair."  The  final  i  of  the  Tewa  form,  instead  of  u,  is 
unexplained. 

JDe\ 

Canis  estor  Merriam.     Coyote. 

In  Tewa  mythology  the  coyote  is  called  also  poseqwase'ydo' ,  a  word 
which  can  not  be  etymologized  except  that  the  last  two  syllables 
mean  'old  man.' 

The  Jemez  name  meaning  'coyote'  is  jfr.  In  Cochiti  Keresan 
'coyote'  is  called  fotsona. 

Coyote  tracks  are  common  all  over  the  region.  A  coyote  taken  by 
Mr.  Dowell  while  we  were  in  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  canyon  is  referred 
to  this  species. 

Hodge  gives  as  Coyote  clans  of  various  pueblos:  San  Juan,  San 
Ildefonso,  and  Tesuque,  De-tdoa;  Jemez,  Yantsad;  Pecos,  Ya'+; 
Laguna,  TsushJci-hdnoch;  Sia,  Shutsun'-hdno;  San  Felipe,  Shrotsona- 
Jidno;  Santa  Ana,  Shutson-hdno;  Cochiti,  Shrutsuna-hdnuch;  Zuni, 
Suski-Jcwe. 

K*y,-'jo'  (akin  to  Taos  Icalend,  Isleta  Jcarue,  wolf). 
Canis  nubilis  Say.     Gray  Wolf. 

1  Coues,  Elliott,  The  Prairie  Wolf,  or  Coyote":  Canis  Latrans,  Amer.  Nat.,  vn,  pp.  385-89, 1873;  reprinted 
in  Coues  and  Yarrow,  Report  upon  Collections  of  Mammals,  etc.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  47-51. 

2  Guinn,  J.  M.,  Historical  and  Biographical  Record  of  Southern  California,  Chicago,  1902,  p.  59. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY  OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  29 

Gatschet 1  gives  Tewa  ukoyov  erroneously  as  meaning  coyote  and 
compares  it  with  Nahua  coyotl. 

Hodge  gives  as  Wolf  clans  of  pueblos:  Isleta,  Tuim-t'aimn;  Laguna, 
Kdklian-hanoch . 

The  Tewa  say  that  the  gray  wolf  is  very  scarce  now,  but  is  still 
occasionally  seen  in  the  Taos  mountains.  It  is  common  in  many 
portions  of  New  Mexico  and  is  reported  at  Taos  by  Bailey.2 

Mu'jo'. 

?Red  fox. 

The  Tewa  are  familiar  with  a  foxlike  animal  called  mu'jo',  al 
though  they  say  it  is  seldom  seen.  It  is  said  to  resemble  the 
de'  tsq,'yw%''iH  (see  below),  but  is  of  a  dark  brownish-yellow  color. 

JDe"  tsq'yw3e''iH,  'blue  coyote7  (de',  coyote;  tsq 'yw%',  blue,  green). 
Urocyon  cinereoargenteus  scotti  Mearns.     Scott's  Gray  Fox,  Pinon 

Fox. 

Coues  and  Yarrow  3  recorded  Urocyon  cinereo-argentateus  Schreber 
from  Taos,  but  the  specimen  was  more  likely  scotti,  a  species  more 
recently  described.  Mr.  Nathan  Dowell  reports  both  the  gray  and 
the  red  fox  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  we  can  not  know  just  what 
species  without  specimens  for  identification. 

JCtpifsspy   ' white  mountain   lion'    (k'se'y,  mountain  lion;    tss^', 

white). 
Any  kind  of  wildcat. 

The  Southern  Ute  also  have  only  one  word  for  wildcat  species: 
mosutukwUs'i.  The  Southern  Ute  word  meaning  'medicine  man' 
appears  to  be  related:  mosutulcwidtd. 

The  Tewa  name  may  apply  to  a  species  of  bobcat  or  lynx  or  per 
haps  to  both  a  species  of  bobcat  and  a  species  of  lynx.  The  inform 
ants  did  not  know  the  characters  by  which  the  bobcat  and  lynx  are 
distinguished.  We  saw  no  Jc*&'yts%',  but  saw  the  tracks  of  one  near  { 
the  Painted  Cave.  It  is  likely  that  either  baileyi  or  uinta  would  be 
found  here,  perhaps  both,  the  former  being  an  animal  of  the  plains 
and  the  latter  a  mountain-loving  animal. 

The  name  shows  that  this  animal  is  closely  associated  with  the 
mountain  lion  in  the  minds  of  the  Tewa. 

Musa. 

'  Domestic  Cat. 

This  word  in  this  or  similar  form  appears  in  most  of  the  languages 
of  the  Southwest,  meaning  introduced  house  cat.  Compare  also  Tewa 
po'musa,  raccoon. 

1  Zwolf  Sprachen  aus  dem  Sudwesten  Nordamerikas,  Weimar,  1876,  p.  26. 

2  Bailey,  Vernon,  Wolves  in  Relation  to  Stock,  Game,  and  the  National  Forest  Reserves,  Bull.  No.  72, 
Forest  Service,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  12,  1907;  Destruction  of  Wolves  and  Coyotes,  Circular  No.  63,  Biol. 
Surv.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  6,  1908. 

s Op.  cit.,  Wheeler  Survey,  v,  p.  56. 


30  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

House  cats  of  many  varieties  are  common  at  the  Tewa  pueblos. 
They  are  called  to:  'musd,  musd,  musa.'  They  are  sometimes  given 
proper  names,  as  dogs  are. 

lCse,"rj  (akin  to  Isleta  Ic'imiM,  mountain  lion). 
Felis   Jiippolestes   Merriam.     Rocky   Mountain    Cougar,    Puma, 
Mountain  Lion. 

The  Southern  Ute  name  for  mountain  lion  is  toku. 

The  mountain  lion  is  reported  for  this  region  by  both  whites  and 
Indians.  The  Tewa  say  that  the  animal  crouches  or  sits  waiting  for 
its  prey.  The  carved  figures  of  the  "  Stone  Lions"  shrine  on  the 
Pajarito  plateau  are  identified  by  the  Tewa  as  Jc'&'y,  and  the  name 
of  that  place  in  the  Tewa  language  is  Ic'ze'yda'se'ydlwe,  '  where  the  two 
mountain  lions  crouch'  (Yx'y,  mountain  lion;  da,  they  two;  '&'y, 
to  sit,  to  crouch;  }iwe,  locative). 

Hodge  gives  as  Mountain  Lion  clans  of  various  pueblos:  San  Juan 
and  San  Ildefonso,  Kdn-tdoa;  Nambe,  Qe-tdoa;  Isleta,  Kim-t'aimn; 
Pecos,  SMank'yd  +  ;  Laguna,  M6kaiqch-MnocU  ;  Sia  and  San  Felipe, 
Mokaich-hdno;  Cochiti,  Mohkach-Jidnucli. 


sR'y  (suku,  circus,    <Span.    circo;  Ic'sR'y,  mountain  lion, 

lion)  . 
Lion. 
NfryTcsp/'t),    'earth    mountain   lion;    (n&y,    earth;   ¥se'y,   moun 

tain  lion)  . 


Whether  the  animal  thus  called  is  mythic  or  real  has  not  been 
determined.  It  is  the  sacred  beast  of  the  nadir.  It  is  said  to  be  a 
small  animal  which  burrows  in  the  earth.  It  is  not  the  pocket- 
gopher,  which  is  called  tfugi.  We  have  no  record  of  shrews  or  moles. 

Kwse'ji  (?  <Span.  caballo). 
Kafiaju  (<Span.  caballo). 
Domestic  Horse. 

The  Tewa  apply  both  Jcw%'ji  and  Jcaftaju  to  any  kind  of  horse, 
but  use  the  former  term  when  they  talk  about  horses  in  the  presence 
of  a  Mexican  and  fear  that  Tcafiaju  will  be  understood.  It  is  possible 
that  both  Jcwse'ji  and  Icafiaju  are  borrowed  from  Spanish  caballo,  the 
former  being  an  earlier,  the  latter  a  later  borrowing. 

For  female  horse  jewd  (<Span.  yegua)  seems  to  be  the  common 
term,  though  Tcabajukwi' ,  'horse  female'  Qcaftaju,  horse;  Icwi',  female) 
is  also  in  use.  For  young  female  horses  jewitd  (  <  Span,  yeguita)  and 
potaykd  (<Span.  potranca)  are  heard;  young  male  horses  are  called 
potriju  (<Span.  polrillo).  A  stallion  is  regularly  called 
(  <  Span,  garanon) . 


ETHNOZOOLOGY  OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  31 

Many  of  the  Indian  languages  of  the  Southwest  have,  like  Tewa, 
borrowed  the  Spanish  word  caballo  as  a  designation  for  the  horse. 
In  Southern  Ute  the  horse  is  mostly  called  pukutsi,  a  term  which  seems 
to  have  originally  meant  'pet.'  But  kaftaju  (<Span.  caballo)  is  also 
used. 

The  Tewa  now  use  horses  in  the  same  way  as  the  Mexicans  who 
live  in  their  country.  The  Tewa  frequently  go  to  the  Jicarilla 
Apache  country  to  buy  horses.  The  Jicarilla  Apache  are  noted  for 
their  fine  horses,  which  they  sell  cheap. 

There  are  wild  horses  to  be  found  on  the  mesa  south  of  Buckman, 
N.  Mex. 

Budu  (  <  Span,  burro) . 

'Ojeso'jo''e',  'big-eared  little  animal'   ('oje,  ear;   so'jo',  big;   'e', 

diminutive) . 
Domestic  Donkey. 

It  is  said  that  when  donkeys  first  became  known  to  the  Tewa  the 
term  'ojeso'jo''e'  alone  was  used.  This  term  is  still  employed  by  the 
Tewa  when  talking  in  the  presence  of  Mexicans,  lest  they  understand 
the  word  budu. 

The  Hopi  corruption  of  Spanish  burro  is  modb;  cf.  Voth's  "moro."  * 
A  donkey  stallion  is  called  buda  gadanuy  (<Span.  burro  garanon). 

Matfu  (  <  Span,  macho) . 

'Ojeso'jo''e',    'big-eared   little  animal'    ('oje,  ear;  so' jo',  big;  'e', 

diminutive) . 
Mule. 

The  male  mule  is  called  matfu  (  <Span.  macho),  the  female  mule  is 
called  mula  ( <Span.  mula).  Young  mules  are  called  matfu' e'  or 
mula'e',  'e'  being  the  diminutive. 

'Ojeso'jo''e'  seems  to  be  rarely  applied  to  mules. 
The  Tewa  do  not  own  as  many  mules  as  they  own  horses  and 
donkeys. 

Seba  (<Span.  zebra). 
Zebra. 

Hi^ap'a  (<Span.  jirafa). 

Ke  dugi'*,  Mong  neck'  (J»,  neck;  (lugs,,  long). 

Giraffe. 

Kameju  (<Span.  camello). 
Camel. 

Wa'sl. 
Cattle,  Cow. 

i  Voth,  Hopi  Proper  Names,  Field  Columbian  Museum  Publications,  Anthr.  Ser.,  VI,  no.  3,  p.  113,  1905. 

\ 


\ 


32  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

The  San  Ildefonso,  Nambe,  and  San  Juan  dialects  have  wci'sl;  the 
Tesuque  and  Santa  Clara  dialects  wa'ga.  The  Hano  Tewa  name  is 
unknown.  Both  wa'si  and  wa'ga  may  be  adapted  from  Navaho 
wegafi,  'cow/  or  wa'si  may  come  from  Navaho  wegafi  and  wa'ga 
directly  from  Spanish  vaca.  The  Franciscan  fathers  x  give  Navaho 
"b&gashi"  as  derived  from  Spanish  vaca  (in  their  spelling  vacca  or 
bacca,  influenced  by  Latin  vaccal)  plus  an  element  "  shi"  The  Zuni 
name  is  wdkashi. 

A  milch  cow  is  called  wa'po'wa'sl  (wam,  breast;  po' ,  water;  wa'sl, 
cow)  or  wa'po' wa'ga  (wa' ,  breast;  po',  water;  wa'ga,  cow).  A  cas 
trated  ox  or  steer  is  called  weje  (<Span.  ~buey),  and  a-  bull  todu 
(<Span.  toro}.  To  usewa'sls^'i},  'male  cow'  (w&'sh,  cow;  se'y,  male) 
is  likely  to  make  a  Tewa  smile.  The  young  of  the  species  is  desig 
nated  by  adding  the  diminutive  V  to  wa'si,  wa'ga,  weje,  to$u,  etc. 
Dehorned  cattle  are  frequently  called  pelyy  (<Span.  pelon). 

The  Tewa  keep  a  considerable  number  of  cattle  and  use  the  milk 
as  well  as  the  flesh  and  other  products.  Women  usually  do  the 
milking.  Cattle  dung  (wa'sisa'  or  wagasa')  is  considered  the  superior 
sort  for  kneading  into  the  cakes  used  in  firing  pottery. 

Petsude. 
Swine. 

This  word  is  applied  to  either  sex  of  swine,  or  the  ordinary  sex-age 
elements  may  be  added.  Tewa  petsude  is  possibly  borrowed  from 
or  at  least  of  the  same  origin  as  Navaho  "  bisode/'  'swine'.2  The  Fran 
ciscan  fathers  say  of  the  swine:  "It  was  most  likely  first  brought 
to  their  (i.  e.,  the  Navahos')  country  from  Old  Mexico,  as  the  name, 
bisode,  a  corruption  of  the  Aztec  pitsotl,  seems  to  indicate."  None  of 
the  common  New  Mexican  Spanish  words  for  swine  (marrano,  cochino, 
puercOj  marrana,  cochina,  puerca)  is  used  much  in  Tewa  speech. 

The  Tewa  keep  a  few  swine  in  sties  and  are  very  found  of  the  flesh. 

' Elep^ayte   ( <  Span,   elefante] . 
Elephant. 
The  trunk  of  the  elephant  is  called  simply  fu,  'nose'. 

tywi'y  rs%''iH,  'white  rat, '  (ywi'y,  rat,  mouse;  tsx' ,  white). 
Domestic  White  Rat. 
/  One  of  our  informants  knew  of  these  animals  and  their  use  as  pets. 

1  Franciscan  Fathers,  Ethnologic  Dictionary  of  the  Navaho  Language,  St.  Michaels,  Ariz.,  1910,  p.  143. 

2  Ibid,,  p.  142. 


HARRIBNO?TON]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE   TEWA   INDIANS  33 


BIRDS 


Duck. 

The  Tewa  have  only  this  one  name  for  species  of  wild  duck;  it  is 
also  applied  to  the  domestic  duck,  which  has  been  introduced  to  some 
extent  among  them.  Descriptive  terms  may  of  course  be  added  to 
designate  definite  species  or  individual  ducks. 

The  Taos  call  duck  papidnd,  the  Isleta  papiue.  The  Jemez  name 
meaning  duck  is  wdfifi. 

Hodge  gives  Waiushr-Jidno  as  a  Duck  clan  of  San  Felipe. 

A  number  of  species  of  duck  surely  occur  in  this  region  during 
migration,  but  we  have  no  definite  record. 

Kdtfi. 

Branta  canadensis  canadensis  (Linn.).     Canada  Goose. 

The  Tewa  have  apparently  only  one  name  for  species  of  wild  goose 
and  this  they  apply  also  to  the  domestic  goose. 

Hodge  gives  Kunm-t'aimn  as  a  Goose  clan  of  Isleta. 

McCall  2  says  :  "I  did  not  meet  the  Canada  goose  until  I  reached 
the  Rio  Grande,  which  was  at  a  point  60  miles  below  El  Paso  ;  thence  I 
found  them  tolerably  numerous  until  I  left  the  river  near  Santa  Fe." 
He  also  reports  as  occasional  the  snow  goose  (Chen  hyperborcus  Tiyper- 
boreus  [Pallas]),  white-fronted  goose  (Anser  albifrons  gambeli  Hart- 
laub),  and  the  brant  (Bernicla  brenta  Steph.  =  Branta  bernida  glau- 
cogastra  [Brehm])  along  the  Rio  Grande,  but  does  not  indicate  how 
far  north  he  saw  them.  Other  species  doubtless  occur,  including  the 
whistling  and  trumpeter  swans,  but  we  have  no  records. 

?  Grus  canadensis  (Linn.).     Little  Brown  Crane. 
McCall  2  found  this  crane  on  the  Rio  Grande  from  Santa  Fe  to  El 
Paso  in  October,  more  abundant  below  Albuquerque. 

fo'kg'bl,  apparently  'sagebrush  softness'  (to-,  Rocky  Mountain 
sagebrush;  tie'bi,  softness,  soft).  The  Santa  Clara  say 
merely  to'tse,'. 

Callipepla  squamata  squamata  (Vigors)  .     Scaled  Quail. 
Judge  Abbott  and  Mr.  Dowell  say  that  large  flocks  sometimes  visit 
the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

1  For  comparative  purposes  consult  the  following:  Henshaw,  H.  W.,  Report  upon  the  Ornithological 
Collections  made  in  Portions  of  Nevada,  Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona  during  the 
years  1871,  1872,  1873,  and  1874,  U.  S.  Oeog.  Explor.  &  Surv.  W.  of  100th  Merid.,  v,  pp.  131-507,  1875.    Hen 
shaw,  H.  W.,  and  Nelson,  E.  W.,  List  of  Birds  Observed  in  Summer  and  Fall  on  the  Upper  Pecos  River, 
New  Mexico,  The  Auk,  n,  pp.  326-33,  1885;  ra,  pp.  73-80,  1886.    Oilman,  M.  French,  Birds  on  the  Navajo 
Reservation  in  New  Mexico,  The  Condor,  x,  pp.  146-52,  1908.    Mitchell,  Walton  I.,  The  Summer  Birds  of 
San  Miguel  County,  New  Mexico,  The  Auk,  xv,  pp.  306-11,  1898.    Bailey,  Florence  Merriam,  Additional 
Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Upper  Pecos,  ibid.,  xxi,  pp.  349-63,  1904;  Additions  to  Mitchell's  List  of  the  Sum 
mer  Birds  of  San  Miguel  County,  New  Mexico,  ibid.,  pp.  443-49.  Henry,  T.  Charlton,  Catalogue  of  the 
Birds  of  New  Mexico  as  Compiled  from  Notes  and  Observations  Made  While  in  that  Territory,  During  a 
Residence  of  Six  Years,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.  Phila.,  1859,  xi,  pp.  104-09,  1860. 

2  McCall,  George  A.,  Some  Remarks  on  the  Habits,  etc.,  of  Birds  Met  with  in  Western  Texas,  Between 
San  Antonio  and  the  Rio  Grande,  and  in  New  Mexico,  etc.,  'ibid.,  v,  p.  223,  1852. 


34  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

'/*•'. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  (Say).     Dusky  Grouse. 

The  informants'  description  of  f%'  fits  this  species  well.  This 
large  grouse  is  common  in  the  Jemez  Mountains  and  is  said  to  come 
down  into  the  canyons  about  El  Kito  de  los  Frijoles  in  large  numbers 
in  the  autumn.  It  is  one  of  the  important  food  birds  of  the  region 
and  is  probably  to  be  found  breeding  in  all  the  mountains  of  north- 
central  New  Mexico.  A  few  flocks  were  seen  by  McCall  in  the  moun 
tains  from  Santa  Fe  to  Taos.1 

? 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  (Swainson) .     White- tailed  Ptarmigan. 

Under  the  name  Lagopus  leucurus  altipetens  Osgood  this  bird  has 
been  reported  in  the  Pecos  Mountains  and  the  mountains  about 
Taos,2  but  that  form  is  considered  indistinguishable  from  leucurus. 
The  species  has  been  reported  from  Summit  Peak,  Colo.,  west  of  the 
Rio  Grande,3  so  that  it  may  occur  on  the  western  side  of  the  valley 
in  New  Mexico.  The  ptarmigan  is  a  bird  of  high  latitude  and  high 
altitude,  preferring  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  It  is  exceedingly 
probable  that  during  the  latter  part  of  the  glacial  epoch,  when 
glaciers  extended  down  most  of  the  upper  mountain  valleys  of 
Colorado  and  northern  New  Mexico,  the  snow-line  was  much  lower, 
and  the  regular  range  of  the  ptarmigan,  leucosticte,  and  other  birds 
of  alpine  habit  extended  to  elevations  perhaps  several  thousand  feet 
lower  than  at  present,  and  probably  considerably  farther  south.  By 
the  retreat  of  the  glaciers  their  range  has  been  gradually  restricted 
so  that  now  only  a  few  are  left  on  the  higher  peaks.  It  is  likely  that 
the  ptarmigan  was  known  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Pajarito 
Plateau,  and  it  may  have  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  at  the 
head  of  the  Rito,  especially  during  the  winter,  10  or  20  centuries  ago. 


Centrocercus  urophasianus  (Bonaparte) .     Sage  Hen. 
Reported  at   Tierra  Amarilla   by  Henshaw.4      Parts  of   the  Rio 
Grande  Valley  are  well  suited  to  this  bird.     If  it  formerly  occurred  in 
numbers,  its  large  size  would  have  made  it  an  important  addition  to 
the  diet  of  the  inhabitants. 

Di'  (akin  to  Isleta  duu^e) . 

Pi'ydi'  (pi'y,  mountain;  di' ,  turkey,  chicken). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  Nelson.     Merriam's  Turkey. 
The  uncompounded  di'  is  now  applied  mostly  to  the  introduced 
domestic  fowl  or  chicken  and  not  to  turkey  as  it  doubtlessly  was 
formerly.  Pi'y,  '  mountain/  is  usually  prejoined  to  distinguish  turkeys 

1  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  222. 

2  Bailey,  Florence  Merriam,  Notes  from  Northern  New  Mexico,  The  Auk,  xxn,  pp.  316-18,  1905.    Addi 
tional  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Upper  Pecos,  ibid.,  xxi,  pp.  351-52,  1904. 

3  Henshaw,  H.  W.,  Note  on  Lagopus  leucurus  and  Leucosticte  australis,  The  Auk,  xxn,  pp.  315-lfi,  1905. 
*  Henshaw,  H.  W.,  Report  upon  Ornithological  Collections,  etc.,  op.  cit.,  p.  437. 


KXnSwv/l  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  35 


HARRi: 


from  chickens.  J)i'  or  pi'rjdi'  applies  to  the  domestic  as  well  as  to  the 
wild  turkey.  The  Isleta  terms  meaning  ' turkey'  exactly  parallel  the 
Tewa,  di^iue  being  the  equivalent  of  Tewa  di',  and  piendidude  that  of 
Tewa  pi'ydi'.  The  Cochiti  call  turkey  tsena. 

Hodge  gives  as  Turkey  clans  of  various  pueblos:  Pecos,  P'etdelu'+; 
Laguna,  TsVna-hdnoch;  Acoma,  Ts<'na-7idnoqch;  Sia,  Ts:i-7idno;  San 
Felipe,  Tsina-lidno;  Santa  Ana,  Tsinha-Jidno ;  Cochiti,  Ts'i'n-hano; 
Zuni,  T6na-kwe. 

The  Mexicans  in  New  Mexico  usually  call  the  turkey  gallo  de  la 
tierra,  gallina  de  la  tierra.  Spanish  guajalote  is  not  applied  to  the 
turkey  in  New  Mexico. 

Turkeys  breed  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  mountains.  We 
saw  30  in  one  flock  at  the  edge  of  Valle  Grande,  just  beyond  the 
headwaters  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  They  come  down  into  the 
canyons  in  the  autumn  in  large  numbers  and  congregate  about 
the  springs,  where,  it  is  said,  they  are  slaughtered  by  the  Mexicans. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  they  were  formerly  much  more  abundant 
than  now  and  probably  constituted  an  important  article  of  food  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants.  The  Indians  long  ago  domesticated  this 
bird,  or,  at  any  rate,  kept  many  of  them  in  iiiclosures.  It  is  sup 
posed  that  the  birds  in  capitivity  were  kept  for  ceremonial  purposes, 
the  feathers  being  used  in  various  rites.  This  raises  some  doubt  as 
to  whether  the  captive  birds  were  used  also  for  food.  One  of  the 
old  men  from  Santa  Clara  pueblo  said  that  the  turkey  is  always 
silent,  "never  makes  any  noise."  This  shows  a  surprising  lack  of 
knowledge  of  the  species.  According  to  McCall,1  60  years  ago  it 
"was  found  on  almost  every  stream  margined  with  timber,  through 
out  the  whole  of  the  country  traversed." 

JK-. 

Domestic  fowl,  Chicken. 

The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the  wild  turkey;  see  above. 

The  cock  or  rooster  is  called  either  $i'S£'y,  'male  chicken'  (di', 
chicken;  spy,  male)  or  gaju  (<Span.  gallo). 

The  Tewa  keep  many  chickens,  and  use  the  eggs  (di'wa'),  flesh,  and 
feathers. 

Eg'tytPT. 

Zenaidura  macroura  marginella  (Woodhouse) .  Wrestern  Mourn 
ing  Dove. 

The  Taos  name  is  pidngaipaand;  Isleta,  Icaipaue;  Jemez,  ginamy,. 

This  dove  was  found  to  be  abundant  both  in  the  canyons  and  on 
the  mesas.  It  is  the  only  dovelike  bird  of  the  region,  unless  the 
band-tailed  pigeon  occurs  in  limited  numbers  locally.  The  latter 
may  be  recognized  by  the  white  nape  band  at  the  back  of  the  skull 

1  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  222. 


36  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

of  the  male  and  of  most  females.  The  mourning  dove  is  used  for 
food  by  the  Indians.  Our  San  Ildefonso  Indian  informants  described 
minutely  the  whistling  of  its  wings  and  its  call  notes,  which  one  of 
the  informants  rendered  by  'o  —  '0—  'o  —  '0.  When  this  imitation  was 
heard  one  of  the  old  Indians  broke  out  into  a  "rain  song/'  which  led 
us  to  suspect  that  this  bird  was  connected  in  his  mind  with  rain. 

Hodge  gives  as  Dove  clans  of  various  pueblos:  Sia,  Hohoka-lidno; 
San  Felipe,  Huuka-hdno;  Santa  Ana,  Hooka-lidno. 


Cathartes  aura  septentrionalis  Wied.  Turkey  Vulture. 
We  saw  three  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  at  the  edge  of  the  Valle 
Grande,  and  one  at  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  Canyon.  Our  Indian  inform 
ants  said  that  this  bird  is  confined  to  the  mountains,  lives  on  dead 
meat,  does  not  catch  animals  alive,  and  has  a  red  head  with  no  p*o, 
'hair/  'feathers/  on  it.  The  Tewa  did  not  eat  the  'okywg.  They 
were  shown  pictures  of  this  vulture  and  of  the  California  vulture  or 
condor  (Gymnogyps  calif  ornianus  [Shaw]),  and  one  old  man  who  had 
been  in  California  at  once  pointed  to  the  latter  and  exclaimed, 
ka&plounict,JoJc4w%)  'California  vulture.' 

Qwse'ypi*,  'red  tail'  (qw%'y,  tail;  pi',  red). 
Buteo  'borealis  calurus  Cassin.     Western  Redtail. 

This  large  hawk  is  fairly  common  all  over  the  plateau.  A  pair 
nested  near  camp  at  the  Rito.  The  Indians  recognize  it  by  the  color 
of  the  tail  and  the  screaming  call  note.  They  do  not  eat  it.  It  is 
probable  that  Swainson's  hawk  (Buteo  swainsoni  Bonaparte)  is  also 
common,  but  we  identified  none  with  certainty. 

Besides  the  qw&'ypi'  the  Tewa  have  names  for  three  other  kinds 
of  hawk.  Tfug.%  is  the  kind  of  hawk  which  the  Mexicans  call  gavilan. 
The  tfug.%  is  said  to  be  a  large  bird.  Qw%'yt*u',  'spotted  tail'  (qwsg'y, 
tail;  t'y,',  spotted)  is  called  by  the  Mexicans  cola  pinta,  these  words 
having  the  same  meaning. 

The  qws&'ytfy,'  is  smaller  than  the  tfugse.  Tiy  is  the  smallest  species 
of  hawk  known  to  the  Tewa  and  is  of  the  color  of  a  ju'y,  'mocking 
bird.' 

Hodge  gives  Kyungan-tdoa  as  a  Hawk  clan  of  San  Ildefonso. 

Tse'. 
Eagle. 

Hali&etus  leucocephalus  leucocepJialus  (Linn.).  Bald  Eagle. 
Eagles  of  various  colors  are  mentioned  in  Tewa  mythology.  Tse' 
is  the  tsuetujo,  'chieftain  bird'  (tsue,  'bird;  tujo,  chieftain),  and 
symbolizes  the  zenith  in  the  beast-identifications  of  the  world- 
regions.  The  Isleta  call  eagle  fuue;  the  Cochiti,  tfdme;  the  Hopi, 
Jcwahw. 

Hodge  gives  as  Eagle  clans  of  various  pueblos:  San  Juan  (given  by 


ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  37 

Bandelier),  Santa  Clara,  and  Tesuque,  Tse-tdoa;  San  Ildefonso  and 
Nambe,  Tse-tdoa;  Isleta,  SMu-t'aimn;  Jemez,  Sehtsa-dsh;  Pecos,  See+; 
Laguna,  Tydmi-Jidnoch;  Acoma,  T  '  ydnui-Jidnocf11  ;  Sia,  San  Felipe,  and 
Santa  Ana,  D  'ydmi-hdno  ;  Cochiti,  Dydmi-Jidnuch;  Zuni,  K'ydk'yali- 
Icwe;  also  a  "  Painted  Eagle"  clan,  Se.pin-tdoa,  at  San  Juan. 

A  line  pair  of  the  Ilaliseetus  leucocephdlus  leucocephalus  (Linn.) 
were  noted  at  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  Canyon,  August  19,  1910.  It  is 
likely  that  the  golden  eagle,  Aquila  chrysaetos  (Linn.),  occurs  also  in 
this  region,  but  we  have  no  definite  record  of  it.  The  informants 
said  that  there  is  also  a  kind  of  eagle  which  they  call  tse'  fs&'i'*, 
'white  eagle'  (tse',  eagle;  fitf*,  white).  This  may  be  the  young  of 
the  golden  eagle.  Miss  Fletcher  speaks  of  "the  white  eagle  (the 
young  brown  or  golden  eagle)  ".* 


Tsiso'jo'j  'big  eyes'   (tsi,  eye;  so'  jo',  big).     Owl. 
Strix  occidentalis  occidentals  (Xantus).     Spotted  Owl. 

The  name  mahy,y  may  be  an  imitation  of  the  hoot.  Cushing  gives 
"  mu'h-hu-tu'  "  as  a  Zuni  imitation  of  the  cry  of  an  owl.2  The  Isleta 
call  owl  JinuJciiide;  the  Jemez,  Tiynu. 

At  least  one  pair  nested  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  and  serenaded 
our  camp  nightly.  Though  we  have  found  no  definite  record  of  them, 
the  following  species  may  be  expected  in  the  region  :  Long-eared  owl 
(Asio  wilsonianus  [Lesson]),  short-eared  owl  (Asio  flammeus  [Pont.]), 
saw-  whet  owl  (Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica  [Gmelin]),  Aiken's 
screech  owl  (Otus  asio  aikeni  [Brews  ter]),  flammulated  screech  owl 
(Otus  flammeolus  flammeolus  [Kaup]),  western  horned  owl  (Bubo 
virginianus  pallescens  Stone),  and  Rocky  Mountain  pygmy  owl 
(Glaucidium  gnoma  pinicola  Nelson)  . 

Ki-mahy,y,  'prairie-dog  owl'  (lei",  ]>rairie-dog;  mahy,y,  owl). 

Speotyto  cunicularia  Jiypogsea  (Bonaparte).     Burrowing  Owl. 
McCall  3  found  it  occasionally  along  the  Rio  Grande,  from  Valverde 
to  Santa  Fe.     It  doubtless  occurs  northward  in  the  valley,  especially 
about  prairie-dog  colonies. 

'Oyowi'. 

Geococcyx  calif  ornianus  (Lesson).     Road-runner. 
The  Mexicans  of  New  Mexico  call  this  bird  paisano.     Some  Ameri 
cans  have  called  it  chaparral  cock. 

This  long-tailed,  long-legged  bird  seeks  safety  by  running  rather 
than  by  flying.  Judge  Abbott  says  he  has  seen  it  occasionally  on  the 
mesas  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

1  A.  C.  Fletcher,  The  Hako:  A  Pawnee  Ceremony,   Twenty-second  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Efhn.,  pt.  2 
p.  21,  1904. 

2  F.  H.  Cushing,  Zuni  Breadstuff,  The  Millstone,  x,  no.  iv,  April,  1885,  p.  59. 

3  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  214, 


38  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

The  footprints  of  the  road-runner  resemble  a  letter  X.  They  are 
called  by  the  same  term  as  the  foot  itself:  'ogCttPi*'tffj  'road-runner 
foot  or  footprint'  ('ogowi',  road-runner;  '$??,  foot,  footprint). 

Hodge  gives  as  Road-runner  clans  of  various  pueblos:  Laguna, 
Shidslca-Jidnoch;  Acoma,  Shdslc'-hdnoqch;  Sia,  CJiosh'Tca-hdno  ;  San 
Felipe,  Sdsh'ka-hdno;  Zuni,  Poye-lcwe.  The  Handbook  of  Ameri 
can  Indians  (following  Fewkes)  gives  "  Hosboa"  as  the  Road-runner 
or  Pheasant  clan  of  the  Hopi. 

FH'o. 

Dry  abates  villosus  monticola  Anthony.     Rocky  Mountain  Hairy 

Woodpecker  C?).1 

Black  above,  with  white  stripe  down  back,  white  stripes  about  head, 
white  spots  on  wings,  white  outer  tail-feathers,  white  beneath,  and 
male  with  red  spot  on  back  of  head.  Common  throughout  the  region— 
in  the  canyons,  on  the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains.  The  alpine 
three-toed  woodpecker  (Picoides  americanus  dorsalis  Baird)  occurs  in 
the  high  mountains  of  northern  New  Mexico  .2  Williamson's  sapsucker 
(Sphyrapicus  tliyroideus  [Cassin])  ranges  southward  as  far  as  central 
New  Mexico  and  winters  in  the  territory.  The  northern  pileolated 
woodpecker  (Phlceotomus  abieticola  [Bangs])  extends  into  the  forest 
area  of  northern  New  Mexico.  If  the  red-headed  woodpecker 
(Melanerpes  eryihrocephalus  [Linn.])  occurs,  it  is  accidental.  Lewis's 
woodpecker  (Asyndesmus  lewisi  Riley),  black  above,  reddish  beneath, 
with  a  gray  collar,  should  occur  here. 


Colaptes  cafer  collaris  Vigors.  Red-shafted  Flicker. 
Very  common  in  the  canyons,  on  the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains. 
Our  Indian  informants,  in  describing  its  habits,  told  of  its  boring  into 
trees  for  "  worms"  and  for  nesting  sites,  but  had  never  observed  its 
very  pronounced  habit  of  alighting  on  the  ground  and  searching  for 
ants,  which  was  a  daily  sight  at  the  Rito. 


Phalsenoptilus  nuttalli  nuttalli  (Aud.).     Poor-will. 
We  heard  the  mournful  calls  of  this  bird  only  in  the  Jemez  Moun 
tains,  a  few  miles  beyond  the  headwaters  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles, 
August  18  and  19,  1910. 


CJiordeiles  virginianus  Jienryi  Cassin.     Western  Nighthawk. 
On  a  cloudy  day  (August  2)  hundreds  of  these  useful  birds  were 
circling  over  the  mesa  between  Santa  Fe  and  Buckman.     At  the  Rito 
there  seemed  to  be  very  few  of  them. 

1  The  Hairy  Woodpecker  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  has  been  described  as  a  new  subspecies:  Dryobates 
villosus  leucothorectis  Oberholser.  See  Oberholser,  II.  C.,  A  Revision  of  the  Forms  of  the  Hairy  Wood 
peckers  (Dryobates  villosus  [Linnaeus]),  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XL,  pp.  608-09,  1911. 

» A.  0.  U.  Check-List  of  North  American  Birds,  p.  190. 


SAR^NGT^]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA  INDIANS  39 


Aeronautes  melanoleucus  (Baird).     White-throated  S\vift. 
Common  on  the  rim  of  Rio  Grande  Canyon  below  the  mouth  of  El 
Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

Kohe. 

T*q'ylcolie,  '  sun  hummingbird'  (Vq'y,  sun;  Tccihe,  hummingbird). 

Selasphorus  rufus  (Gmelin).  Rufous  Hummingbird. 
Very  abundant  at  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  Canyon,  dozens  of  them 
hovering  over  the  patches  of  "waco,"  or  "  bee-plant"  (Cleome  ser- 
rulata  Pursh.).  Specimens  taken  were  identified  by  Dr.  Ridgway. 
Our  Indian  informants  correctly  distinguished  the  males  and  females 
when  shown  specimens,  noticed  that  they  were  found  mostly  about 
the  Cleome,  and  said  they  were  not  found  in  the  Rio  Grande  Canyon. 
The  broad-tailed  hummingbird  (Selasphorus  platycercus  [Swainson]), 
calliope  hummingbird  (Stellula  calliope  [Gould]),  and  black-chinned 
hummingbird  (Archilochus  alexandri  [Bourc.  &  Mul.])  are  likely  to  be 
found  in  this  region. 

Hodge  gives  Mi'itsr-liano  as  a  Hummingbird  clan  of  San  Felipe. 


Pica  pica  Jiudsonia  (Sabine).     Magpie. 

This  conspicuous  bird  is  well  known  to  the  Tewa  and  is  mentioned    L 
in  their  mythology. 


Ssz,  'spruce  magpie'  (tse",  Douglas  spruce;  ~kw%'se,  mag 
pie). 

A  kind  of  magpie. 

No  particulars  could  be  learned  except  that  this  bird  is  a  kind  of 
magpie  which  frequents  tse'  trees. 

8e\ 

Jay. 

For  the  species  considered  separately,  see  below. 
Hodge  gives  Se-tdoa  as  a  "bluebird"  clan  of  San^tldefonso. 

Se'. 

Cyanocitta  stelleri  diademata  (Bonaparte).  Long-crested  Jay. 
This  bird,  so  easily  recognized  by  its  dark  blue  color  and  long 
crest,  or  topknot,  is  common  all  over  the  region  —  in  the  canyons,  on 
the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains.  Strangely  enough,  our  Indian 
informants,  though  quite  familiar  with  the  bird,  had  not  noticed  that 
it  lowered  its  crest  in  flying,  but  thought  the  crest  was  always  erect. 

Se'. 

Aphelocoma  woodhousei  (Baird).     Woodhouse's  Jay. 
This  and  the  pinon  jay  are  readily  distinguished  from  the  long- 
crested  jay  by  the  lack  of  crests.     The  pinon  jay  is  nearly  uniform 
69231°—  Bull.  56—14  -  i 


40  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

bluish-gray,  the  head  a  trifle  darker  than  the  back,  lighter  blue 
below,  tail  shorter  than  whig;  the  Woodhouse  jay  not  bluish  below, 
wing  shorter  than  tail.  They  are  both  abundant  among  the  pinon 
pines  and  cedars  of  the  mesas.  We  did  not  observe  them  in  the 
mountains  and  seldom  in  the  canyons.  The  name  apinonero"  is 
applied  to  both  species  by  the  Mexicans,  who  do  not  distinguish  them 
apart  and  find  both  together  among  the  pinon  pines,  though  Coues 
and  other  ornithologists  have  assumed  that  it  meant  only  the  pinon 
jay.  It  is  to  these  two  species,  probably,  that  Bandelier  refers1 
when  he  says:  " These  trees  are  also  beset  by  flocks  of  the  Picicorvus 
columbinus  (called  Pinonero  in  Spanish  and  sho-hak-ka  in  Queres),  a 
handsome  bird,  which  ruthlessly  plunders  the  nut-bearing  pines, 
uttering  discordant  shrieks  and  piercing  cries."  These  two  jays 
have  always  been  found  in  large  numbers  in  such  situations  and 
could  not  have  escaped  his  notice,  while  Clarke's  nutcracker,  whose 
former  technical  name  Bandelier  used,  was  not  noted  by  us  anywhere 
in  the  pinon-cedar  belt  and  would  not  be  so  likely  to  occur  there. 

8e. 

Perisoreus  canadensis  capitalis  Ridgway.  Rocky  Mountain  Jay. 
This  jay,  about  the  size  of  the  preceding  species,  is  very  similar  to 
the  gray  Canada  jay  or  " whisky  jack"  of  the  Northeastern  States, 
but  its  head  is  almost  entirely  white.  Northern  New  Mexico  is 
included  within  its  range,  but  it  would  likely  occur  only  in  the  highest 
mountains  except  in  the  winter. 

Wo. 

Corvus  brachyrhyncJios  brachyrliynchos  Brehm.     Crow. 

The  Tewa  appear  to  designate  crow  and  raven  by  this  one  name. 
Mrs.  Stevenson2  gives  ukaka"  as  the  Zuni  word  meaning  "raven" 
(or  crow?).  Cushing  3  tells  the  Zuni  story  of  the  origin  of  the  crow, 
in  which  he  says  "they  (the  crows)  flew  away  laughing  Ka-lia,  Ka- 
ha,  as  they've  laughed  ever  since."  The  imitated  call  is  interesting 
in  connection  with  the  Zuni  name  for  crow.  In  the  same  article 
Cushing  tells  how  the  Zuni  keep  crgws  away  from  sprouting  corn  by 
means  of  scarecrows. 

As  Crow  clans  at  various  pueblos  Hodge  gives:  Jemez,  Ryialish; 
Pecos,  Kyid'Jd+;  Sia,  ScMra-Mno;  San  Felipe,  Schirld-Mno. 

A  number  o'f  crows  were  seen  and  heard  in  the  Jemez  Mountains, 
near  Valle  Grande,  perhaps  of  this  form  which  is  reported  on  the 
Pecos,  to  the  eastward,  by  Mrs.  Bailey,  though  they  may  be  of  the 
western  form,  C.  b.  hesperis  Ridgway.  The  white-necked  raven  (Cor- 

1  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  Final  Report,  pt.  I,  Papers  Archxol.  Inst.  Amer.,  Amer.  Scr.,  iv,  p.  150r1892. 

2  Stevenson,  M.  C.,  The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.t  p.  51, 1904. 
« Cushing,  F.  H.,  Zuni  Breadstuff,  The  Millstone,  May,  1884,  pp.  77-78. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA  INDIANS  41 

vus  cryptoleucus  Couch)  may  occur  in  this  region.     It  was  reported  at 
Galisteo,  south  of  Santa  Fe,  by  Goss.1 


Nucifraga  columbiana  (Wilson).  Clarke's  Nutcracker. 
Several  were  seen  in  the  Jemez  Mountains  near  Valle  Grande,  and 
two  in  Alamo  Canyon,  about  five  miles  south  of  El  Bito  de  los  Frijoles. 
They  were  above  the  pinon  belt.  Gray,  with  black  wings  and  tail, 
white  patch  on  wing  and  white  outer  tail-feathers,  this  is  a  striking 
bird  inflight.  McCall 2  found  it  "in  the  high  pine  forests  east  of 
Santa  Fe  and  on  the  Taos  Mountain. " 


CyanocepJialus  cyanocepJialus  (Wied).     Pinon  Jay. 
See  discussion  of  this  species  under  Woodhouse's  jay  (pp.  39-40). 
McC all's  3  Cyanocorax  cassinii  is  a  synonym  of  this  species. 


Xanthocephalus     xantliocephalus     (Bonaparte).     Yellow-headed 

Blackbird  . 

Described  and  reported  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  near  San  Ilde- 
fonso  by  our  Indian  informants,  who  say  they  use  it  for  food  and 
that  it  is  seen  only  in  the  winter,  associated  with  red-  winged  black 
birds. 


Agelaius  phwniceus  fortis  Ridgway.  Thick-billed  Red-wing(  ?). 
Reported  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  by  our  San  Ildefonso  Indian 
informants,  who  correctly  described  the  differences  between  the  male 
and  the  female,  and  their  nesting  sites  and  habits.  They  said  that 
the  birds  are  eaten  by  the  Tewa.  This  subspecies  may  be  A.  p.  neu- 
tralis  Ridgway. 


Carpodacus  cassini  Baird.  Cassin's  Purple  Finch. 
Reported  by  Kennedy4  on  "  Pueblo  Creek"  (probably  near  Taos), 
January  22,  1854.  We  have  found  no  subsequent  record,  though 
the  species  probably  occurs  regularly  in  the  region  in  the  winter. 
The  creek  on  which  Taos  pueblo  is  situated  is  called  Pueblo  Creek 
above  its  confluence  with  Arroyo  Hondo;  the  creek  north  of  which 
Picuris  pueblo  lies  is  called  Pueblo  Creek  above  its  confluence  with 
Penasco  Creek. 


Carpodacus  mexicanus  frontalis  (Say).     House  Finch. 

1  Goss,  Nathaniel  S.,  White-Necked  Raven  ( Corvus  cryptoleucus)  in  New  Mexico,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club, 
vi,  p.  118, 1881'. 

2  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  217. 

3  Ibid.,  pp.  216-17. 

*  Kennedy,  C.  B.  R.,  Report  on  Birds  Collected  on  the  Route,  Zoological  Report,  No.  3,  p.  27,  Explor. 
&  Surv.for  R.  R.from  Miss,  to  Pac.  Ocean,  U.  S.  War  Dept.,  x,  1859. 


42  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Common  in  Santa  Fe  and  probably  in  all  other  towns  of  New 
Mexico.  It  is  found  usually  about  houses  that  are  surrounded  by 
trees  and  near  an  open  supply  of  water.  This  leads  one  to  wonder 
whether  it  did  not  inhabit  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  when  the  canyon 
was  teeming  with  human  inhabitants.  McCall  reported  it  at  Santa 
Fe  long  ago,  and  also  reported  Carpodacus  obscurus  Nobis  and 
described  Carpodacus  familiaris  from  the  same  place.1  These  may 
both  be  safely  referred  tofrontalis. 


Astragalinus  psaltria  psaltria  (Say).     Arkansas  Goldfinch. 
This  tiny  bird  was  abundant  especially  among  the  sunflowers  —  -one 
of  the  most  abundant  birds  in  the  canyon  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 


CJiondestes     grammacus     strigatus     Swainson.     Western     Lark 

Sparrow. 

A  few  were  seen  by  us  in  the  open  fields  at  the  foot  of  the  Jemez 
Mountains,  near  the  old  Buckman  sawmill.  McCall  2  reported  it  on 
the  plains  near  Santa  Fe. 

?  Qwou,e. 

Spizella  brevieri  Cassin.     Brewer's  Sparrow. 

Very  common  in  the  canyon  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  and  elsewhere. 
Reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Henshaw.3 


Junco  phseonotus  dor  sails  Henry.  Red-backed  Junco. 
Abundant  from  base  to  top  of  Jemez  Mountains,  near  the  head 
waters  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  June  19  and  20,  1910.  The  gray- 
headed  junco  (Junco  phseonotus  caniceps  [Woodhouse])  probably  also 
nests  in  the  higher  mountains  of  the  region,  and  several  species  prob 
ably  winter  there.  Our  Indian  informants  recognized  pictures  and 
descriptions  of  juncoes  as  winter  visitors,  but  were  not  aware  that 
any  species  summered  in  the  region. 


Melospiza  melodia  montana  Henshaw.     Mountain  Song  Sparrow. 
Probably  it  was  this  species,  then  undescribed,  found  by  Kennerly  4 
at  Pueblo  Creek,  near  Taos,  and  recorded  as  M.  fallax. 


Pipilo  maculatus  montanus  Swarth.     Spurred  Towhee. 
A  few  were  seen  in  the  canyon  and  on  the  mesa  at  El  Rito  de  los  Fri 
joles,  but  the  species  is  not  common.     Recorded  by  Kennerly5  under 

1  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  219-20;  also  Note  on  Carpodacus  frontalis  Say,  with  Description  of  a 
New  Species  of  the  Same  Genus,  from  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.,  Proc.  Acod.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vi,  p.  61, 1854. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  218. 

3  Henshaw,  H.  W.,  op.  cit.,  p.  280. 

4  Kennerly,  C.  B.  R.,  op.  cit.,  p.  29. 
&  Ibid.,  p.  30. 


HENDERSON 
HARRIXGTOK 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  43 


the  name  P.  megalonyx  at  Pueblo  Creek.     Probably  also  by  McCall,1 
P.  arcticus,  at  Santa  Fe. 


Zamelodia  melanocephala  (Swainson).     Black-headed  Grosbeak. 
A  single  pair  raised  a  brood  near  camp  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles 


Passer  domesticus  (Linn.).     English  Sparrow. 

Introduced  into  the  territory  since  1886.  Apt  to  be  found  now  in 
all  the  more  important  towns,  but  probably  not  in  the  uninhabited 
canyon  and  mesa  regions;  certainly  unknown  to  the  ancient  inhab 
itants. 


Iridoprocne  bicolor  (Vieillot).     Tree  Swallow. 

Tachycineta   thalassina   lepida   Mearns.     Northern  Violet-green 

Swallow. 

Several  times  birds  of  one  or  the  other  of  these  two  species  were 
seen  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  we  could  seldom  get  a  good  view  of 
them.  Our  impression  is  that  the  latter  was  represented,  and  probably 
both.  The  former  was  reported  by  McCall 2  as  nesting  at  Santa  Fe. 


Dendroica  auduboni  auduboni  (Townsend).     Audubon's  Warbler. 
Common  on  August  20,  1910,  at  the  foot  of  the  Jemez  Mountains, 
near  the  headwaters  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

?- 

Geothlypis  trichas  occidentalis  Brewster.     Western  Yellow-throat. 

Our  Indian  informants  describe  this  species  by  its  color,  song,  and 

habits,  as  a  bird  living  along  the  Rio  Grande  in  this  region,  and  when 

shown  a  colored  figure  of  it  with  pictures  of  other  warblers  they  at 

once  recognized  it. 

Doubtless  other  species  of  the  wood  warbler  family  pass  through 
in  migration  and  probably  some  nest  ifl  this  region,  but  no  records 
are  at  hand. 

fag. 

Mimus  polyglottos  leucopterus  (Vigors).     Western  Mockingbird. 
Reported  near  San  Ildefonso  by  one  of  our  Indian  informants,  who 
seemed  quite  familiar  with  the  bird,  knew  the  white  man's  name  for  i 
it,  and  described  its  song  as  the  song  of  all  other  birds  combined. 
The  whites  report  it  at  Santa  Fe. 

2 

Salpinctes  obsoletus  obsoletus  [Say].     Rock  Wren. 

i  McCall,  George  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  218.  2  ibid.,  p.  215. 


44  BUREAU   OF   AMEBICAH   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

One  taken  by  us  on  the  rim  of  the  Rio  Grande  Canyon  below  the 
mouth  of  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  Reported  abundant  at  Santa  Fe 
by  Henshaw.1 


Gather 'pes  mexicanus  conspersus  Ridgway.     Canyon  Wren. 
Common  along  all  the  canyon  cliffs  of  this  region.     The  song  of  the 
male,  usually  of  about  seven  loud,  ringing  notes  descending  the  scale, 
makes  it  the  most  noticeable  of  the  wrens. 


Troglodytes  aedon  parkmani  Audubon.     Western  House  Wren. 
Common  in  the  canyons  and  on  the  mesas. 


Sitta  carolinensis  nelsoni  Mearns.     Rocky  Mountain  Nuthatch. 
Common  on  the  mesas  and  in  the  mountains.     We  saw  none  in  the 
canyons  cutting  the  mesas. 

I- 

Siita  pygrnxa  pygmsea  Vigors.     Pygmy  Nuthatch. 
Abundant  in  the  canyons,  on  the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains. 
This  tiny  species  was  everywhere  to  be  found  in  numbers  among  the 
pines. 

?  ___ 

Bseolophus  inornatus  griseus  (Ridgway).     Gray  Titmouse. 
Very  common  among  the  pifion  pines  and  cedars  on  the  mesas. 

Penthestes  gambeli  gambeli  (Ridgway).  Mountain  Chickadee. 
Very  abundant  in  the  canyons,  on  the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains. 
The  type  locality  for  this  species  is  "  about  one  day's  journey  west  of 
Santa  Fe,"  which  would  be  not  far  from  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  We 
saw  no  long-tailed  chickadees  (Penthestes  atricapillus  septentrionalis 
[Harris]). 

I- 

Myadestes  townsendi  (Aud.).     Townsend's  Solitaire. 
Common  in  the  canyon  at  Painted  Cave,  5  miles  or  more  south  of 
El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 
2  ___ 

HylociMa  fuscescens  salicicola  Ridgway.     Willow  Thrush. 
A  pair  raised  a  brood  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  in  1910.     Recorded 
also  from  Pueblo  Creek,  near  Taos  Pueblo,  in  1904,  by  Mrs.  Bailey.2 


Planesticus  migratorius  propinquus  (Ridgway).     Western  Robin. 
Common  in  the  canyons  and  in  the  mountains. 

1  Henshaw,  H.  W.,  op.  cit.,  p.  180.  2  Bailey,  Florence  Merriam,  op.  cit.,  pp.  317-18. 


HENDERSON 
HAHRINGT< 


NGTC?N]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  45 


Sialia  mexicana  bairdi  Ridgway.     Chestnut-backed  Bluebird. 
Abundant  everywhere  on  the  mesas,  but  none  in  the  canyons.     Our 
Indian  informants  had  noted  the  same  fact. 

Paloma  (<Span.  paloma}. 
Domestic  Pigeon. 

Gatschet  *  incorrectly  gives  "paroma"  as  the  Tesuque  name  for 
pigeon. 

Periku  ( <  Span,  perico) . 

Poft  «Eng.  poUy). 

Hodge  gives  as  a  Parrot  clan  of  Zuni,  distinct  from  the  Macaw  clan, 
Piohi-kwe',  there  is  also  the  testimony  of  Lummis  that  there  is  no 
Parrot  clan  at  Isleta. 

Tan{. 
Macaw. 

This  is  the  bird  which  the  Mexicans  call  guacamayo.  Its  feathers 
are  highly  prized  by  the  Tewa  for  ceremonial  purposes.  They  state 
that  the  feathers  and  also  live  tan{  were  obtained  from  Mexico  in 
former  times.  The  informants  stated  that  a  tani  is  at  the  present 
time  kept  in  a  cage  at  Santo  Domingo  pueblo. 

Hodge  gives  as  Parrot  clans  of  various  pueblos  (which  are  possibly 
Macaw  clans) :  Laguna,  SJidw'iti-hdnoch]  Acoma,  Slidwiii-lianoqch;  Sia 
and  Santa  Ana,  Sho'witi-hdno;  San  Felipe,  Sho'wati-hdno;  and  as  a 
Macaw  clan  of  Zuni,  Mulakwe. 

Tside  tse'jy*,  'yellow  bird'  (tsiue,  bird;  tse',  yellow). 
Canary. 

Some  of  the  Mexicans  who  live  in  the  Tewa  country  keep  these  V 
birds  in  cages  and  call  them  canarios. 

Paftodeal  (<Span.  pavo  real). 
Peacock. 

Some  of  the  Mexicans  who  live  in  the  Tewa  country  keep  these 
birds. 

The  following  are  Tewa  names  of  birds  which  we  have  not  yet 
been  able  to  identify  with  scientific  names: 
Peteep* €?*€',  perhaps  the  oriole. 

',  said  to  be  similar  to  n%'qwode. 

said  to  be  similar  to  Iccuaywsp. 
Kwa'qweJie,  perhaps  the  common  house  swallow. 

described  as  a  small  bird  with  needle-like  nose. 
,  'pine  bird'    (yw^'y,  Pinus  scopulorum;  tside,  bird). 
This  is  described  as  a  small  bird  with  gray  body  and  white 
head,  which  jumps  about  in  the  rock-pines. 

1  A.  S.  Gatschet,  Zwolf  Sprachen  aus  clem  Sudwesten  Nordamerikas,  Weimer,  1876,  p.  40. 


46  BUKEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Tsue  pi'JiH,   'red  bird'   (tside,  bird;  pi',  red),  applies  to  one  or 

more  species  of  small  red  bird. 
Kyse'y,  a  small  bird. 
*0ny,'em}  perhaps  a  species  of  blackbird. 


Ka'wo'. 

Piju. 

K'u'tsue. 

Tse'Jcq,nd  tsue. 

Ka'tsue,    'leaf    bird'    (Tcam  ,  leaf;    tsue,   bird),    a   kind    of    small 

yellow  bird. 
Te'tse*  (of  obscure  etymology),  a  species  of  small  yellowish  bird 

seen  in  cottonwood  and  other  trees. 

Po'jysy,  'water  mockingbird'   (po'  ,  water;  jy,'y,  mockingbird),  a 
small,  inconspicuous  bird  seen  by  water.     Possibly  the  dipper 
(water  ouzel),  Cinclus  mexicanus  unicolor  Bonaparte. 
Po'te'ji}  probably  the  killdeer  or  "tildee."     The  first  syllable 

sounds  like  po'  ,  'water.' 

Po'ltopt'ifa  'water  bent  neck'  (po',  water;  Jce,  neck;  p$y,  bent), 
some  kind  of  water  bird.     It  has  long  legs  and  is  seen  along 
the  Rio  Grande.     Probably  a  heron. 
Kwq'pije,  'toward  rain'  (kwa',  rain;  pije,  toward),  a  heron-like 

species  of  bird. 
Ka's&wi.     A  kind  of  blue  bird  seen  in  pinon  trees.     It  is  thought 

by  the  informant  that  Mexicans  call  it  pinonero. 
JsaV*.     A  large  kind  of  bird. 
T\'rfe\     A  species  of  large  red  bird. 

Puga.  This  is  the  bird  which  the  Mexicans  call  grulLa.  It  is  a 
large,  buff-colored  bird  seen  wading  or  walking  by  the  river.  When 
it  migrates  it  flies  in  a  V  -shape,  making  at  times  a  peculiar  whirring 
or  trilled  noise  which  can  be  heard  even  though  the  birds  be  high 
in  the  air.  Mrs.  Stevenson  l  mentions  the  sandhill  crane  as  known 
at  Zuni. 

Hodge  gives  as  Crane  or  Heron  clans  of  various  pueblos  :  Hano, 
Kapulo-towa  (the  Rio  Grande  Tewa  do  not  know  the  word  Jcapulo)  ; 
Sia,  Sliuta-hano:  Zuni,  Ka'lokta-kwe. 

REPTILES 

The  smaller  lizards,  especially  the  swifts,  are  very  abundant 
throughout  the  region.  Horned  lizards  (popularly  called  "horned 
toads")  are  by  no  means  infrequent.  The  larger  lizards  are  either 
not  abundant  or  more  adept  at  escaping  observation.  None  of  the 
lizards  found  here  are  poisonous.  The  only  known  poisonous  lizards 

1  Stevenson,  M.  C.,  The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,p.  292,  1904. 


SBWMOTOM]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  47 

of  the  New  World  appear  to  be  the  Gila  monster  and  the  Mexican 
beaded  lizard,   neither  of  which  occurs  in  northern  New  Mexico. 
Among  the  snakes  the  only  poisonous  one  known  in  the  region  is  the  ]/ 
rattlesnake.    The  wound  made  by  any  reptile  or  other  animal  having 
teeth  capable  of  lacerating  the  epidermis  or  flesh  may  of  course  become 
infected,  just  as  a  scratch  produced  by  any  inorganic  substance  may, 
and  thus  create  the  impression  that  the  poison  was  injected  at  the 
time  of  the  bite.     Our  Indian  informants  considered  the  swifts  and  < 
horned  lizards  harmless,   but   declared  that   the  Sonora  skink,   of 
which  a  specimen  was  found  by  them,  is  poisonous.     The  Indians 
have  the  same  so-called  instinctive  dread  for  the  larger  reptiles,  par-  ^ 
ticularly  snakes,  as  the  whites,  being  startled  when  suddenly  they 
come  upon  one,  and  disliking  to  handle  them.     They  informed  us 
that  neither  snakes  nor  lizards  are  used  as  food  at  present  by  the 
Tewa,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  their  ancestors  used  them,  at  least '-' 
during  times  of  famine.     However,  they  could  not  have  been  at  any 
time  more  than  an  insignificant  article  of  food. 

There  appears  to  be  a  widespread  belief  that  the  Indians  of  the 
Southwest  generally  are  addicted  to  the  use  of  reptiles  for  food. 
Whatever  may  be  true  of  the  past,  this  is  not  the  case  now.  Rus 
sell's  statement  concerning  the  Pima  Indians,1  that  " snakes  are  not' 
eaten,  even  in  times  of  famine,  and  the  idea  of  eating  lizards  is 
repudiated  with  scorn,"  is  applicable  to  many  other  Southwestern 
tribes. 

LIZARDS 


OrotapJiytus  collaris  baileyi  (Stejneger).  Bailey's  Collared  Lizard. 
This  fine  lizard  probably  occurs  throughout  the  region,  though  we 
saw  none.  C.  collaris  was  reported  at  Santa  Fe  and  San  Ildefonso 
by  Yarrow  and  Cope  2  long  before  the  subspecies  baileyi  was  de 
scribed,  but  Stejneger3  places  our  area  within  the  range  of  baileyi 
and  represents  collaris  as  occurring  from  Pecos  Valley  eastward. 

Holbrookia  maculata  maculata  (Girard ) .    Common  Spotted  Lizard . 

1  Russell,  Frank,  The  Pima  Indians,  Twenty-sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amcr.  Ethn.,  p.  83, 1908. 

2  Yarrow,  II.  C.,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Batrachians  and  Reptiles  made  in  Portions  of  Nevada, 
Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  during  the  years  1871,  1872,  1873  and  1874,   U.  S. 
Geog.  Explor.  and  Survey  W.  of  100th  Meridian,  v,  p.  566,  1875;  Check-List  of  North  American  Reptilia 
and  Batrachia,  with  Catalogue  of  Specimens  in  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  no.  24, 
p.  52, 1882.    Cope,  E.  D.,  The  Crocodilians,  Lizards,  and  Snakes  of  North  America,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Museum  for  1898,  pp.  248-53,  1900. 

s  Stejneger,  Leonhard,  Annotated  List  of  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  Collected  by  Dr.  C.  HartMerriam  and 
Vernon  Bailey  on  the  San  Francisco  Mountain  Plateau  and  Desert  of  the  Little  Colorado,  Arizona,  with 
descriptions  of  New  Species,  North  American  Fauna,  no.  3,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  103-05,  pi.  xra,  1890. 
Ruthven,  A.  G.,  A  Collection  of  Reptiles  and  Amphibians  from  Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxin,  pp.  512-14, 1907. 


48  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Reported  at  Santa  Fe,  Abiquiu,San  lldefonso,  and  Plaza  del  Alcalde 
by  Yarrow  and  Cope.1 


Uta   stansburiana   Baird    &   Girard.     Stansbury's   Small-sealed 
Swift.  :Lto" 

Reported  at  San  lldefonso  by  Yarrow  and  Cope.2 


Uta  levis  Stejneger.     OlivB  Small-scaled  Swift. 

Type  locality  is  Tierra  Amarilla.3  This  appears  to  be  Yarrow's 
record  4  under  the  name  Uta  ornata  Baird  &  Girard.  Our  Indian 
informants  say  that  snakes  swallow  these  lizards.  They  are  harmless. 


Sceloporus  undulatus   consobrinus    (Baird   &   Girard).     Yellow- 

banded  Spiny-scaled  Swift. 

Yarrow  reported  this  species  from  Santa  Fe  and  described  Scelo 
porus  tristichus  from  Taos,  the  description  being  written  by  Cope 
apparently.  Afterward  Yarrow  reported  tristichus  from  Taos  and 
consobrinus  from  both  Taos  and  Santa  Fe.  Cope  later  repeated  Yar 
row's  records  for  both  localities,  but  made  botli  of  them  subspecies 
of  undulatus?  Ditmars  6  ignores  tristichus.  Small  lizards  of  this 
group  are  very  abundant  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  darting  in  and 
out  among  the  rocks  and  logs  everywhere  in  the  canyon.  The  only 
specimens  we  collected  are  assigned  to  consobrinus. 


Phrynosoma  douglassii  Tiernandesi   (Girard).     Western  Horned 

Lizard. 

Reported  at  Taos,  Santa  Fe,  Abiquiu,  and  San  lldefonso  by  Yarrow 
and  Cope.7  We  collected  two  specimens  of  horned  lizard  at  El  Rito 
de  los  Frijoles,  and  both  are  Jiernandesi.  Our  Indian  informants 
declared  that  snakes  swallow  these  lizards,  swell  up,  burst,  and  the 
lizard  comes  out  alive.  This  is  not  more  fantastic  than  some  of  the 
popular  notions  of  white  people  concerning  animals.  The  name 
"  horned  toad,"  usually  applied  to  this  animal,  should  be  dropped 
even  from  popular  literature,  as  it  belongs  distinctly  to  the  Reptilia 
and  not  to  the  Amphibia. 


Phrynosoma  douglassii  ornatissimum  (Girard).     Ornate  Horned 
Lizard. 

1  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  569;  Check  -List,  op  cit.  ,  pp.  56-57.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  293-97. 

2  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  566,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  49.    Cope,  op.  cit.,  p.  310. 
s  Stejneger,  op.  cit.,  p.  108.    Cope,  op.  cit.,  p.  313. 

<  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  56. 

6  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  572;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  pp.  61-62.    Cope,  E.D.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  376-81. 
e  Ditmars,  R.  L.,  Reptile  Book,  New  York,  1907. 

7  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,op.  cit.,  p.  581;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  pp.  68-69.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  413-15. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF   THE   TEWA  INDIANS  49 

Reported  at  Santa  Fe  by  Yarrow  and  Cope.1 


Phrynosoma  cornutum  Harlan.     Southern  Horned  Lizard. 
Reported  at  San  Ildefonso  and  Abiquiu  by  Yarrow,2  and  at  Taos, 
Abiquiu,  and  San  Ildefonso  by  Cope.3 


Anota  modesta  Girard.     Little  Horned  Lizard. 
Recorded  at  San  Ildefonso  by  Yarrow  and  Cope. 


Cnemidophorus  tessellatus  perplexus  (Baird  &  Girard).     Seven- 

striped  Lizard. 

Recorded  at  San  Ildefonso  by  Yarrow  and  Cope.5  This  is  Yarrow's 
C.  octolineatus  Baird,  from  the  same  locality.6  Possibly  the  sub- 
specific  name  perplexus  should  be  dropped. 


Cnemidophorus  sexlineatus  (Linn.).     Six-lined  Lizard. 
Recorded  at  Santa  Fe,  Plaza  del  Alcalde,  and  Abiquiu  to  Jemez, 
by  Yarrow  and  Cope.7     This  record  possibly  should  be  referred  to 
C.  gularis  Baird  &  Girard. 

Kodu'u. 

Eumeces  obsoletus  (Baird  &  Girard).     Sonora  Skink. 

Two  fine  specimens  of  this  lizard,  with  the  edges  of  the  scales  quite 
dark,  were  unearthed  by  the  Indians  in  excavating  the  old  pueblo  at 
El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  One  was  captured,  the  other  escaped.  Old 
men  of  San  Ildefonso  declared  that  it  is  poisonous  and  would  not 
touch  it.  They  have  a  "  remedy"  for  its  bite.  They  are  mistaken 
as  to  its  poisonous  character.  The  Mexicans  call  this  kind  of  lizard 
escurpion. 

Besides  the  Tcodohiy,  '  horned  lizard/  which  the  -Mexicans  call 
camaleon,  the  Tewa  have  names  for  five  other  kinds  of  native  lizards: 

Qwi'pa'je  is  a  lizard  which  is  sometimes  as  long  as  the  fs%'qwije 
(see_J)elow).  It  is  blue-bellied  and  gray-backed. 

Tsq'yde-,  a  lizard  of  bluish  color,  a  little  longer  than  the  tse'daqwiy. 

Tse'daqwiy,  a  species  of  small,  inconspicuous  lizard.  The  descrip 
tion  reminds  one  of  the  swift.  The  first  syllable  of  the  name  seems 
to  be  ise',  'face.' 

Ts%'qwije,  '  white  stripes'  (fe*,  white;  qwije,  stripe).  This  lizard 
has  white  stripes  down  its  back. 

1  Yarrow,  H.  C  ,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  69.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit,  p.  417. 

2  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  579;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  66. 

3  Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  436. 

<  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  64.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  439. 

5  Yarrow,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  44.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  574. 

«  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  558. 

7  Yaxrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  558;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  43.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  597. 


50  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Kajimay  (<Span.  callimari). 
Alligator. 
One  of  these  animals  was  exhibited  in  a  pool-room  at  Santa  Fe. 

SNAKES 


Heterodon  nasicus   nasicus    (Baird    &   Girard).     Western   Hog- 

iiosed  Snake. 

Recorded  at  Santa  Clara,  San  Ildefonso.,  and  Abiquiu  by  Yarrow,1 
and  at  Santa  Fe  by  Cope.2 


Zamenis  constrictor  flaviventris  (Say).  Blue  Racer,  Green  Racer. 
Recorded  from  Tierra  Amarilla  by  Yarrow  under  the  name  Z.  c. 
vetustum  in  his  report,  and  under  the  name  flaviventris  in  his  Check- 
List.  Cope  records  a  young  specimen  which  is  probably  the  same.3 
Several  snakes  were  seen  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  early  in  August, 
1910,  which  were  probably  this  species,  but  they  escaped  and  none 
was  seen  afterward  except  a  young  specimen  taken  August  25, 
beautifully  marked,  very  much  like  the  bull  snake,  quite  unlike  the 
adult.  A  San  Ildefonso  Indian  informant  called  this  young  specimen 
n4'ypse,nu.  (See  p.  51.)  Having  no  adult  specimens  we  could  not 
learn  whether  they  would  recognize  the  young  and  adult  as  the  same 
kind  or  designate  them  by  the  same  name,  though  the  latter  is  highly 
improbable. 


Pityophis  catenifer  sayi  (Schlegel).     Bull  Snake. 
It  is  probably  this  species  which  was  recorded  as  P.  sayi  mexicanus 
Dum.  &  Bib.,  by  Yarrow,   at   San  Ildefonso.4     A  bull  snake  was 
described   to   us   at  El   Rito  de  los   Frijoles   by  Judge  Abbott   in 
August,  1910,  but  he  did  not  capture  it  for  identification. 


Thamnophis  eques  (Reuss).  Brown  Garter  Snake. 
Cope  recorded  Eutsenia  eques  aurata  Cope  from  San  Ildefonso, 
and  E.  sirtalis  dorsalis  Baird  &  Girard  from  the  same  place.  Yarrow 
recorded  Eutxnia  ornata  Baird  at  Abiquiu  and  San  Ildefonso.  These, 
it  appears,  should  all  be  referred  to  T.  eques,  which  is  recorded  from 
San  Ildefonso  by  Ruthven.5 

1  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  556;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  141. 

2  Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  777. 

s  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  542;  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  110.    Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  797. 

4  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  540.    See  Ruthven,  A.  G.,  in  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxni- 
pp.  581-86, 1907. 

5  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report,  op.  cit.,  p.  554;  Check-List,  op.  cit,  p.  122.     Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  p.  1077. 
Ruthven,  A.  G.,  Variations  and  Genetic  Relationships  of  the  Garter-Snakes,  Bull.  61,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
pp.  158-60, 1908. 


HAEBIEXGTOX]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEW  A   INDIANS  51 


>.'ypy,',  'tail  rattle'  (qw&'y,  tail;  pu'  ,  rattle).  Rattlesnakes  of 
any  species  and  also  their  rattles  are  called  qw&ypy  .  (See 
below.) 

Crotalus  sp.     Rattlesnake. 

Several  species  of  rattlesnake  have  been  recorded  from  New  Mexico, 
but  none  from  the  area  under  discussion,  so  far  as  we  are  aware.  Two 
specimens  have  been  killed  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  within  two  or 
three  years,  as  we  are  informed  by  Judge  Abbott  and  Mr.  Dowell, 
but  they  were  not  specifically  identified.  The  Indians  say  rattle 
snakes  are  common  in  the  Rio  Grande  Canyon  not  far  from  the  Rito. 
C.  confluentus  confluentus  (Say)  probably  occurs  in  this  region,  and 
perhaps  other  species. 

Any  species  of  snake  is  called  psenu.  The  following  kinds  are 
known  by  name  : 

Pi'su,  'red  arrow'  (pi',  red;  su,  arrow).  These  slender  red  snakes 
almost  fly  through  the  air,  according  to  the  natives. 

Tsiypzenu,  'basalt  snake'  (tsi,  basalt  rock;  psenu,  snake). 

Ng,'yp%ny,,  'earth  snake'  (n&'y,  earth;  psenu,  snake).  These  are 
brownish. 

Po'pxnu,  'water  snake'  (po'}  water;  pxnu,  snake).  Any  kind  of 
water  snake  may  be  called  thus. 

Po'ma'qwi'bcg?e  (po',  water;  ma',  (?);  qwi'tied,  tangled,  a  knot,  a 
thicket;  beg?e,  low  place,  dell,  low  corner).  What  the  name  means  is 
not  clear.  This  is  a  kind  of  water  snake,  possibly  a  synonym  of 
po'p%nu. 

1  Usidi,  a  snake  a  yard  long,  "earth-colored." 

Nfr'q',  San  Ildefonso  dialect  na'yda'.     A  kind  of  snake  longer  than 


p*Q'ydiH,  'black  snake'  (p%ny}  snake;  p*G'y,  black).     A  dark- 
colored  snake  species.  , 

Qws^'ypy,',  'tail  bell'  (qw%'y,  tail;  py,',  bell  or  rattle).  This  name  I 
applies  to  any  kind  of  rattlesnake,  and  is  given  above.  Py,'  now 
usually  means  bell  of  any  kind;  formerly  it  referred  to  anything 
which  gave  out  a  note  when  struck  or  made  a  rattling  sound.  Ex 
amine:  nse'iJi  pxnuncLqu?3e.'ypu'mu'  qwse'ydivie,  'this  snake  has  a  rattle 
on  its  tail'  (n%',  this;  pseny,,  snake;  nd,  it;  qw%'y,  tail;  py,',  bell; 
my,',  to  be,  to  be  provided  with;  qw%'y,  tail;  'iwe}  locative);  ^'* 
'ytei'fomy,',  it  has  ten  rattles'  te'*,  ten;  'y,,  it,  with  reference  to  it; 
tsi'gij  notch,  narrow  place;  my,',  to  be,  to  be  provided  with)  . 

Of  snakes  one  says  either  ndm%',  'it  goes'  (n<%,  it;  mse,',  to  go),  or 
'iqwa'mse'y,  'it  crawls'  ('i,  it;  qwa'm%'y,  to  go  crawlingly,  like  a  man 
on  all  fours). 


52  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

TURTLES 

Only  one  name  for  species  of  turtle  or  tortoise  was  obtained  from 
the  Tewa — this  is  'o'lcu'. 

The  'o'Jcu'  is  common  in  the  region.  These  turtles  are  found 
mostly  in  meadows.  They  are  killed  and  the  carapaces  are  cleaned 
and  worn  by  dancers. 

AMPHIBIANS  (BATRACHIANS) 

The  amphibians  of  the  region  are  not  very  important.  Sala 
manders  are  rare,  and  the  lack  of  water  restricts  frogs  and  toads  to 
limited  areas.  Except  the  frogs,  they  are  of  no  food  value.  None 
of  them  is  poisonous,  though  it  seems  that  the  whites  generally  look 
upon  the  spotted  salamander  with  fear.  Having  no  specimens  we 
could  not  determine  whether  the  Indians  had  the  same  dread. 


Ainbystoma  tigrinum  (Green) .  Tiger  Salamander. 
Reported  at  Santa  Fe  Creek,  under  the  name  Ambystoma  mavortium 
Baird,  by  Yarrow,1  and  by  Cope  2  under  the  name  tigrinum.  Amby- 
stoma  trisruptum  Cope  was  credited  to  Santa  Fe  by  Yarrow,3  but 
Cope  4  says  the  only  known  specimen  is  from  Ocate  Creek,  east  of  the 
mountains  in  northern  New  Mexico,  and  hence  not  in  the  Rio  Grande 
drainage. 


Spelerpes  multiplicatus  Cope  ( ?) . 

We  found  a  small  salamander  rather  common  under  aspen  logs 
near  Valle  Grande,  in  the  Jemez  Mountains.  Specimens  badly 
injured  in  transit  were  doubtfully  identified  as  this  species  by  Dr. 
Leonhard  Stejneger.  The  Indians  to  whom  it  was  shown  were  not 
familiar  with  it  and  had  no  name  for  it. 


Bufo  lentiginosus  woodhousei  (Girard).  Rocky  Mountain  Toad. 
Bufo  lentiginosus  woodhousei  was  reported  at  Santa  Fe  and  Plaza 
del  Alcalde  in  1874,  by  Yarrow,5  who  remarked  that  it  was  "appa 
rently  numerous  in  New  Mexico."  In  his  Check-List 6  he  gives  the 
Plaza  del  Alcalde  record  under  the  name  americanus,  does  not  recog 
nize  woodhousei  as  a  distinct  form,  and  omits  the  Santa  Fe  record. 

1  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Check- List  of  North  American  Reptilia  and  Batrachia,  with  Catalogue  of  Specimens  in 
U.  S.  National  Museum,  Bull.  24,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  p.  149,  1882. 

2  Cope,  E.  D.,  The  Batrachia  of  North  America,  Bull.  84,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  p.  85,  1889. 
s  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  150. 

4  Cope,  op.  cit.,  p.  86. 

5  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Batrachians  and  Reptiles  Made  in  Portions  of  Nevada, 
Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  During  the  Years  1871,  1872,  1873,  and  1874,  U.  S. 
Geog.  Explor.  &  Surv.  W.  of 100th  Merid.,  v,  p.  521, 1875. 

« Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Check-List,  etc.,  op.  cit.,  p.  166. 


ETHNOZOOLOGV   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  53 

Cope  1  recognizes  woodhousei  and  records  it  from  other  localities  in 
New  Mexico,  but  not  rom  these  two  places  or  from  anywhere  in  our 
area,  and  preserves  Yarrow's  americanus  record  at  Plaza  del  Alcalde. 
Miss  Dickerson2  raises  americanus  to  a  full  species,  and  says  it  "is  the 
common  toad  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Mexico  to  the  Great 
Bear  Lake/'  while  she  leaves  woodhousei  as  a  subspecies  of  lentiginosus 
and  says  it  is  "the  common  toad  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,'1 
having  been  reported  from  a  number  of  States,  including  New 
Mexico.  Ruthven  3  says  it  is  the  "common  toad  of  the  Great  Plains 
and  Great  Basin  region." 

Our  San  Ildefonso  Indian  informants  reported  "two  kinds  of 
frogs"  in  the  region  of  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  one  of  which  is  found 
in  the  water,  the  other  being  larger  and  flatter  and  is  found  "jump 
ing  "  about  on  land.  Probably  the  latter  is  a  toad.  As  Bufo  cognatus 
Say  is  reported  from  Colorado,  Kansas,  and  Arizona,  it  may  extend 
across  New  Mexico,  or  at  least  be  found  in  the  northern  portion. 


Rana  pipiens  Schreber.     Leopard  Frog. 

Frogs  were  recorded  at  Taos,  Abiquiu,  and  Santa  Fe  under  the 
name  Rana  Tialecina  berlandieri  (Kami)  Cope,  and  at  Taos  under  the 
name  Rana  Tialecina  Tialecina  (Kami)  Cope,  by  Yarrow.4  Cope  after 
ward  transferred  these  records  to  Rana  virescens  brachycephala  Cope.5 
Miss  Dickerson  6  says  virescens  is  Schreber  's  pipiens,  which  she  is 
unable  to  separate  into  subspecies.  Further  study  of  this  variable 
frog,  based  on  large  quantities  of  fresh  material  from  widely  sepa 
rated  and  numerous  localities,  is  desirable.  We  saw  several  frogs 
at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  but  unfortunately  obtained  none.  (See 
note  on  Rocky  Mountain  toad,  page  52.) 

SALAMANDERS,   FKOGS,   TOADS 

The  Tewa  appear  to  have  but  one  name  for  all  species  of  sala 
manders,  and  but  one  name  for  all  species  of  frogs  and  toads. 

Po'qw%'  means  salamander.  The  first  syllable  is  clearly  the  word 
meaning  l  water.' 

is  applied  to  frogs  and  toads.  Tadpoles  are  called 
in  the  San  Juan  dialect,  and  either  po'sakede  or  p'e_'ypu'- 
Jceue  in  the  San  Ildefonso  dialect.  The  etymology  of  these  words  is 
not  clear.  It  was  thought  by  one  informant  that  the  tadpole's  tail 
drops  off. 

1  Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  281-88. 

2  Dickerson,  Mary  C.,  The  Frog  Book,  pp.  03,  91-92,  New  York,  1906. 

s  Ruthven,  A.  G.,  A  Collection  of  Reptiles  and  Amphibians  from  Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Bull.  Amer.  Mm.  Nat.  Hist,  xxm,  p.  509,  1907. 
«  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Check-List,  op.  cit.,  p.  181. 
&  Cope,  E.  D.,  op.  cit.,  pp.  403-04. 
8  Dickerson,  Mary  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  171. 


54  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

FISHES 

^Most  of  the  lateral  canyons  of  the  region  are  dry  or  nearly  dry 
through  most  of  the  year,  and  hence  contain  no  fishes.  The  Rio 
Grande  is  known  to  contain  fishes  in  some  portions  of  its  course. 

The  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  is  at  present  a  small  stream,  the  waters  of 
which  in  places  sink  entirely  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  leaving 
not  even  pools,  and  the  water  all  along  becomes  very  shallow  at 
times.  Limited  observations  make  final  conclusions  unsafe,  but 
so  far  as  they  go  they  seem  to  indicate  that  the  water  flowing  in  the 
creek  is  dependent  largely  on  precipitation  in  the  mountains  at  the 
head  of  the  canyon.  When  frequent  rains  were  occurring  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  valley  the  stream  reached  its  lowest  point,  but 
during  an  exceedingly  dry  period  at  our  camp,  when  it  was  raining 
daily  in  the  mountains  the  stream  kept  an  even  flow.  The  absence  of 
deep  pools  in  which  fish  could  survive  an  extended  drouth  seems 
sufficient  to  account  for  their  absence.  In  the  glaciated  mountains 
farther  north,  the  absence  of  fish  is  usually  noted  in  streams  whose 
courses  present  cataracts  too  high  for  the  fishes  to  pass  over  in  their 
upstream  progression  after  the  retreat  of  the  glaciers.  Two  vertical 
falls  near  the  mouth  of  this  canyon,  one  of  60  feet,  the  other  of  90  feet, 
would  effectually  block  the  attempts  of  fish  to  pass  upstream  from 
the  Rio  Grande.  Hence  any  fish  which  may  have  existed  in  recent 
times  must  have  been  there  before  the  falls  were  formed  or  have 
been  introduced  in  some  unusual  way.  The  transportation  of  eggs 
attached  to  the  feet  of  birds  for  the  short  distance  over  the  falls 
would  not  be  at  all  impossible,  though  such  a  method  of  dispersion 
is  not  so  likely  to  occur  as  in  case  of  fresh-water  mollusks,  etc.  It  is 
also  possible  that  fish  may  at  one  time  have  been  placed  in  this 
creek  by  former  inhabitants,  either  the  ancient  dwellers  who  built 
the  abandoned  structures  or  by  the  Mexican  outlaws  who  made  the 
canyon  their  rendezvous  for  a  century  or  so.  At  any  rate,  trout  were 
found  in  the  stream  from  20  to  30  years  ago,  according  to  information 
gleaned  from  several  sources.  Bandelier,  in  The  Delight  Makers, 
causes  one  of  the  native  boys  who  lived  in  the  canyon  during  its 
early  occupancy,  to  catch  a  trout.  This  would  scarcely  be  con 
clusive  if  it  were  not  that  in  his  formal  report  he  refers  to  the  stream 
as  a  " gushing  brook,  enlivened  by  trout."  *  Dr.  Charles  F.  Lummis, 
of  Los  Angeles,  says  he  caught  trout  from  the  stream  in  1891,  and 
that  there  were  certainly  many  pools  then  which  do  not  exist  now. 
Judge  Abbott  says  he  has  heard  the  same  from  another  visitor  to  the 
canyon  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

1  Bandelier,  A.  F.,  The  Delight  Makers,  New  York,  1890,  p.  5.  Final  Report  of  Investigations  Among 
the  Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States,  Carried  on  Mainly  in  the  Years  from  1880  to  1885,  Part  II, 
Papers  of  the  Archseological  Institute  of  America,  American  Series,  iv,  p.  139,  1892. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  55 

The  present  absence  of  trout  has  been  locally  attributed  to  a  heavy 
flood  which  is  said  to  have  washed  them  away.  There  is  evidence 
along  the  bottom-lands  that  such  a  flood  did  occur,  but  that  it 
washed  the  trout  out  is  highly  improbable.  It  seems  much  more 
probable  that  it  may  have  filled  the  pools  that  once  made  it  possible 
for  trout  to  survive  protracted  dry  seasons,  though  it  is  not  impossible 
that  the  filling  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  desiccation  of  the  country 
has  at  last  reached  a  point  where  the  stream  is  not  able  to  take  care 
of  the  debris  arising  from  lateral  erosion  of  the  valley.  It  is  not  at 
all  improbable  that  the  creek  may  have  completely  dried  up  during 
some  particularly  dry  cycle  within  the  last  20  years.  In  any  event 
we  must  believe  that  there  were  trout  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago, 
and  so  we  have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  existed  during  the 
occupancy  of  the  valley  by  the  ancient  inhabitants,  though  that  is 
not  a  necessary  conclusion.  Of  course  we  have  no  definite  evidence 
as  to  the  species,  but  it  was  almost  certainly  the  Rio  Grande  Basin 
trout  (Salmo  mylciss  spilurus  Cope). 

Cope  *  says  he  saw  Gila  pandora  Cope  ( =  Richardsonius  pulcJiellus 
pandora  Cope — Cockerell)  in  the  creek  below  Ojo  Caliente.  Cope  and 
Yarrow 2  reported  the  following  species  from  nearby  Rio  Grande 
drainage  localities,  to  which  species  we  have  applied  probable  modern 
nomenclature,  placing  in  parentheses  the  names  under  which  they 
were  reported : 

Pantosteus  plebeius  Baird  &  Girard  (P.  jarrovii  Cope).     Sucker. 

Taos,  San  Ildefonso,  and  Tierra  Amarilla. 

HybognatJius  nuchalis  Agassiz.     Silvery  Minnow.     San  Ildefonso. 
Richardsonius  pulcJiellus  pandora  (Cope)  (Gila  pandora) .     North 
ern  Rio  Grande  Dace.     Near  San  Ildefonso. 
Notropis  simus  Cope  (Alburnellus  simus).     Rio  Grande  Shiner. 

San  Ildefonso. 
Notropis   dilectus    Girard    (Alburnellus    jemezanus    Cope).     San 

Ildefonso. 

Notropis  lutrensis  Baird  and  Girard  (Hypsilepis  iris  Cope).     San 
Ildefonso. 

1  Cope,  E.  D.,  Report  upon  the  Extinct  Vertebrata  Obtained  in  New  Mexico  by  Parties  of  the  Expe 
dition  of  1874,  Gcog.  Surv.  W.  of  100th  Merid.  (Wheeler  Survey),  rv,  pt.  n,  p.  21.  See  also  .4  rm.  Rcpt.for  1875, 
p.  66, 1875. 

J  Cope,  E.  D.,  and  Yarrow,  II.  C.,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Fishes  Made  in  Portions  of  Nevada, 
Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  During  the  Years  1871,  1872,  1873,  and  1874,  Geog. 
Surv.  W.  of  100th  Merid.  (Wheeler  Survey),  v,  pp.  635-703, 1875.  See  also  Cockerell,  T.  D.  A.,  The  Nomen 
clature  of  the  American  Fishes  Usually  Called  Leuciscus  and  Rulilus,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xxn,  pp. 
215-17,  1909;  The  Fishes  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region,  Univ.  Colo.  Studies,  v,  pp.  159-178, 1908;  Jordan, 
David  Starr,  and  Evermann,  Barton  Warren,  The  Fishes  of  North  and  Middle  America,  Bull.  47,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  4  vols.,  1896-1900. 

69231°— Bull.  56—14 5 


56  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

RhinicWiys  cataracts  dulcis  Girard  (R.  maxillosus  Cope) .  Sweet- 
water  Dace.  Tierra  Amarilla,  Abiquiu,  San  Ildefonso,  and 
Taos. 

Hybopsis  sestwalis  (Girard )  (Ceratichthys  sterlelus  Cope) .  Horny- 
head.  San  Ildefonso. 

Anguilla  rostrata  (Le  Sueur)  (A.  tyrannus  Girard).  Fresh-water 
Eel.  Near  Santa  Fe. 

They  also  report  Salmo  pleuriticus  Cope  from  Kio  Taos,  Chama 
River,  and  near  San  Ildefonso,  but  as  this  species  seems  to  be  con 
fined  to  the  Colorado  River  basin  the  record  is  probably  a  mistake. 
There  are  perhaps  other  fishes  existing  in  the  Rio  Grande  drainage 
of  northern  New  Mexico,  but  we  have  found  no  record  of  them. 
The  species  are  mostly  small  and  of  little  food  value.  There  are 
rumors  of  catfish,  but  no  definite  record. 

The  Tewa  have  the  following  names  for  species  of  fish: 

Fi$pw>  l mountain  fish'  (pi'y,  mountain;  pa',  fish).  This  name 
seems  to  be  applied  to  any  species  of  trout. 

Pa'tsi'jo',  'knife  fish'  (pa",  fish;  tsi'jo',  knife).  This  fish  lives  in 
the  Rio  Grande.  It  has  a  knife-like  back,  and  there  is  also  a  knife- 
like  projection  at  each  side  of  its  lower  jaw.  It  reaches  a  length 
exceeding  a  foot. 

Pa'wa'p^a',  'flat-chested  fish'  (paf,  fish;  wa°,  chest,  breast;  p*a-, 
flat  and  roundish).  This  fish  lives  in  the  Rio  Grande  and  attains 
a  length  of  2  feet  or  more.  Its  underside  is  flat. 

Tsewige.  This  fish  lives  in  the  Rio  Grande.  White  men  in  talking 
to  our  informants  had  called  this  fish  a  "  sucker." 

Pa,'ty,ywsF,  'tall  fish'  (pa',  fish;  tyywse',  tall).  This  fish  lives  in  the 
Rio  Grande.  The  Mexicans  call  it  boquinete. 

Pa''e',  'little  fish'  (pa',  fish;  V,  diminutive).  This  term  is  applied 
to  any  small  fish,  especially  to  minnows  and  the  like;  also  to  the 
young  of  larger  varieties  of  fish,  which  often  can  not  be  recognized  as 
they  can  when  more  mature. 

Pa''oqwi',  'phlegm  fish'  (pa',  fish;  'oqwi',  mucus  from  the  trachea, 
bronchial  tubes,  or  lungs,  such  as  is  coughed  up) .  This  name  is  applied 
to  any  species  of  eel.  The  skin  of  the  pa'' oqwi'  is  highly  prized  and 
is  used  among  other  purposes  for  leggings  and  moccasins.  The  fish 
lives  in  the  Rio  Grande. 

It  is  said  that  the  kinds  of  fish  which  live  in  the  Rio  Grande  would 
probably  also  be  found  in  the  Rio  Chama. 

INSECTS 

Notwithstanding  their  average  small  size,  when  compared  with 
vertebrates,  insects  are  very  important  from  the  point  of  view  of 
natural  history.  Their  interesting  habits,  their  economic  relations 


H\RRiENc?Tox]  ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  57 

to  other  animals,  and  the  exceedingly  large  number  of  known  species 
give  them  zoological  prominence.  Their  relations  to  the  pollenization 
of  plants  and  their  destructiveness  to  vegetation  give  them  both 
botanical  and  economic  importance.  Their  relation  to  the  spread  of 
disease  and  the  annoying  habits  of  some  of  them  have  a  direct  bearing 
on  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  the  human  race. 

From  the  ethnological  point  of  view  the  position  of  insects  is  a 
minor  one.  They  have  little  importance  as  food,  except  the  grass 
hoppers,  etc.,  during  seasons  of  abundance.  Among  native  peoples 
of  the  lower  Colorado  Valley  insects  have  acquired  considerable  relig 
ious  and  mythical  significance,  especially  the  ants,  but  this  does  not 
require  a  knowledge  of  many  species  or  a  very  minute  discrimination 
between  species.  Among  the  Pueblos  they  have  no  such  significance. 
A  great  number  of  insect  species  have  been  recorded  from  the  Jemez 
Plateau  and  Santa  Fe.  There  are  doubtless  hundreds  of  others  unre 
corded,  including  many  now  undescribed  and  unknown  to  science. 
As  most  of  the  smaller  species  are  distinguished  from  one  another  by 
characters  which  may  be  studied  only  with  a  good  lens  or  a  micro 
scope,  it  is  obvious  that  in  most  cases  the  Indians  can  not  distin 
guish  the  species  or  even  the  genera.  However,  the  larger  and  more 
conspicuously  marked  species  are  likely  given  definite  native  names. 
It  would  be  an  interesting  contribution  to  the  psychology  of  the 
Indians  for  someone  with  sufficient  entomological  training  to  investi 
gate  their  knowledge  of  and  ideas  concerning  the  insects  and  the 
extent  and  accuracy  of  their  discrimination,  including  the  habits  of 
insects  and  their  relations  to  plants. 

Time  did  not  permit  us  to  enter  into  this  field  except  in  an  incidental 
way  in  connection  with  the  ethnobotanical  work.  Our  collections 
of  insects  were  accidentally  almost  wholly  destroyed  in  transit,  with 
out  having  been  determined  or  recorded,  so  that  we  can  not  even 
give  an  account  of  the  species  found.  We  found  many  species  of 
beetles,  ants,  bees,  wasps,  butterflies,  moths,  flies,  and  other  insects. 

It  does  not  seem  important  in  this  report  to  list  the  species  of 
insects  recorded  from  the  region  by  Ashmead,  Banks,  Cockerell, 
Coquillett,  Dunning,  Fall,  Fox,  Gillette,  Hagen,  Holland,  Howard, 
Hulst,  Mead,  Scudder,  Thomas,  Townsend,  Uhler,  Ulke,  and  Wheeler. 
More  than  30  of  Prof.  CockerelTs  papers  report  species  from  this 
region.  Ulke  has  recorded  56  species  of  Coleoptera  (beetles),  and 
Uhler  has  recorded  34  species  of  Hemiptera  (plant-lice,  scale  insects, 
true  bugs,  etc.)  from  San  Ildefonso,  Taos,  Santa  Fe,  Abiquiu,  and 
Tierra  Amarilla.  Hagen  recorded  three  species  of  Neuroptera  from 
San  Ildefonso,  Tierra  Amarilla,  and  Taos.  Most  of  the  other  records 
are  from  Santa  Fe. 

Work  along  this  line  could  be  easily  done  by  persons  with  very 
limited  knowledge  of  entomology.  They  could  collect  the  insects 


58  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

and  preserve  them,  number  the  labels,  obtain  the  ethnological  data, 
preserving  the  connections  by  referring  to  the  label  numbers,  and  tjie 
specimens  could  then  be  determined  accurately  by  specialists. 

That  many  of  the  western  Indians  did  not  formerly  disdain  insects 
as  a  part  of  their  diet  is  well  known.  Hoffman's  comments  l  are  of 
interest  in  this  connection : 

Some  of  the  tribes  will  adhere  to  the  most  disgusting  varieties  of  food.  .  .  .  Some 
of  the  Shoshonees  obtain  some  food  from  the  settlements,  but  subsist  chiefly  upon  what 
game  and  fish  they  can  secure  in  addition  to  lizards,  grasshoppers,  etc.  .  .  . 
Their  mode  of  preparing  grasshoppers  is  in  this  wise:  A  fire  is  built  covering  an  area 
of  from  20  to  30  feet  square,  and  as  the  material  is  consumed  to  coals  and  ashes  all  the 
Indians  start  out  and  form  an  extensive  circle,  driving  the  grasshoppers  with  blankets 
or  bunches  of  brush  toward  the  center,  where  they  are  scorched  or  disabled,  when 
they  are  collected,  dried,  and  ground  into  meal.  With  the  addition  of  a  small  quan 
tity  of  water  this  is  worked  and  kneaded  into  dough,  formed  into  small  cakes,  and 
baked  in  the  sand  under  a  fire.  .  .  .  The  Pah-Utes  in  the  southwestern  portion 
of  Nevada,  and  even  across  the  line  into  California,  consume  the  larvae  of  flies  found 
upon  the  borders  of  some  "alkali  lakes."  The  organic  matter  washed  ashore  is  soon 
covered  with  flies,  where  they  deposit  their  eggs;  there  being  not  sufficient  nourish 
ment  for  all  the  worms,  some  die,  when  more  eggs  are  deposited,  and  so  on  ad  infinitum, 
until  there  is  a  belt  of  swarming,  writhing  worms  from  2  to  4  feet  broad  and  from  an 
inch  to  3  inches  in  depth.  ...  At  such  localities  the  Indians  congregate,  scoop 
up  and  pack  all  that  can  be  transported  for  present  and  future  use.  When  thoroughly 
dried,  it  is  ground  into  meal,  and  prepared  and  eaten  as  by  the  Shoshonees. 

Where  conditions  of  life  are  as  hard  as  in  many  parts  of  the  South 
west,  it  would  be  surprising  indeed  if,  during  times  of  special  scarcity 
of  food,  all  the  Indians  inhabiting  the  region  have  not  been  forced 
to  rely  on  food  which  ordinarily  they  did  not  use;  yet  from  the  fact 
that  Indians  of  various  tribes  have  frequently  been  known  to  show  a 
preference  for  raw  entrails  of  large  game  animals  and  seem  really 
fond  of  meat  that  has  become  somewhat  tainted,  one  can  not  always 
feel  certain  that  the  use  as  food  of  things  which  are  revolting  to  other 
people  may  not  be  due  to  choice. 

The  following  Tewa  names  of  kinds  of  insects  were  obtained: 

Kun%  refers  to  any  kind  of  ant.  Color-  or  size-denoting  adjec 
tives  are  often  added.  An  anthill  is  called  Tcun%te'bi'J,\  (tcun%,  ant; 
te-,  house;  bi'dl,  mound  of  smah1  size;  cf.  bo-de,  large  mound).  The 
Jemez,  however,  have  two  names  for  ant  species:  'dmy,  and  wa'aym. 

Hodge  gives  as  Ant  clans  at  various  pueblos :  Nambe,  Kuny'i-td6a; 
Pecos,  Amu'+;  Acoma,  Sii-hanoqch;  Sia,  Sii-hdno;  San  Felipe, 
Sii-hdno. 

P%£a4a,  bumblebee.  These  insects  make  honey.  They  are 
ground  up  and  put  into  a  dog's  food  in  order  to  make  him  a  good 
hunter,  according  to  a  San  Ildefonso  informant. 

1  Hoffman,  W.  J.,  Miscellaneous  Ethnographic  Observations  on  Indians  Inhabiting  Nevada,  California, 
and  Arizona,  Tenth  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Ten.  for  1876  (Hayden  Survey),  pp.  465-66, 1878. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY    OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  59 

For  species  of  wasp,  bee,  and  hornet  only  two  names  could  be 
obtained.  Qwo'debe'  seems  to  be  the  honey-bee,  while  t'awe  is  some 
kind  of  wasp.  Honey  is  called  qwo'jiebe'Jqpo- ,  'bee  sweet  water' 
(qwo'debe'j  bee;  '$,  sweet,  sweetness;  pom,  water). 

Cushing  tells  how  honey  was  obtained  by  Zuni  girls  from  a  kind  of 
burrowing  hornet.1 

In  the  Zuni  country  there  is  a  kind  of  burrowing  hornet  (or  carpenter  bee)  which 
drills  into  adobe  or  mud  walls  and  there  deposits  its  honey.  On  any  fine  day  in  late 
summer  one  may  see  little  groups  of  girls  hunting  the  holes  of  these  hornets  along  the 
garden  walls.  Whenever  they  find  a  number  of  them  they  provide  themselves  with 
gourds  of  water  which  they  dash  against  the  adobe  or  spurt  into  the  holes  through 
straws.  The  hornets,  disabled  by  drenching,  soon  crawl  forth  and  are  easily  killed 
or  driven  away,  after  which  the  girls,  with  little  wooden  or  bone  picks,  dig  out  the 
honey. 

Various  species  of  butterfly  are  called  at  San  Juan  poganini,  at  San 
Ildefonso  polamimi.  The  latter  word  is  peculiar  in  that,  so  far  as 
we  know,  it  is  the  only  native  Tewa  word  which  contains  the  sound 
of  I.  No  wrord  meaning  "moth"  could  be  obtained.  The  Isleta  call 
butterfly  paifirede. 

The  introduced  house-fly  and  many  insects  of  similar  appearance 
are  called  p^yny,.  A  bluish  fly  species  was  distinguished  as  p*y,ny, 
tSQ'yw&'i'*,  'blue  fly'  (p*y,ny,}  fly;  tsfryw%',  blue,  green).  Other 
Taiioan  languages  show  cognate  forms:  Taos,  p'unuend;  Isleta, 
p'unuude;  Piro  (Bartlett's  vocabulary),  "a-fu-ya-e,  fly";  Jemez, 
Fwijd. 

Species  of  firefly  are  called  tsik'owa  and  jpVpft'ftffcy*  'fire  fly'  (p*a', 
fire;  p*yny,,  fly). 

Dragon-flies  are  called  Po'4&y4w9  (P°' •>  water;  dy,y,  to  buzz  like  a 
bullroarer).  Gushing  tells  a  Zuni  myth  of  the  origin  of  the  dragon 
fly.2 

'TV'?}*  'cricket/  'locust.'  This  is  the  animal  which  the  Mexicans 
call  chichara. 

Po'tside,  'water  bird'  (po*,  water;  tside,  bird),  is  not  a  bird,  but  an 
insect.  It  resembles  po'dyydiLy  in  its  habit  of  hovering  over  water. 

K^qwi'iy  is  a  species  of  grasshopper  or  locust.  Another  species 
is  distinguished  as  Je'owi'iy  'frwi'tfj  'brown  grasshopper'  (k'owi'iy, 
grasshopper  or  locust  species;  'a',  brown). 

Black-headed  head  lice  are  called  p'e'.  Body  lice  are  known  as 
fuwd,  while  bedbugs,  which  are  still  more  numerous,  are  called  t'i'i. 
All  three  terms  might  be  carelessly  applied  to  "lice"  on  plants, 
wood,  or  garbage.  Notice  that  a  small  species  of  land  snail  is  called 
p'u'p'e',  l rabbit-brush  louse'  (p*y,'}  rabbit-brush;  p'e',  head  louse);  see 
page  65. 

1  Gushing, F.  H.,  Zuni  Breadstuff,  The  Millstone,  x,  no.  3,  March,  1885,  p.  42,  note. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  35-38. 


60  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  5G 

Mosquitoes  are  known  as  fug.o  or  fugo'e-  (fuyo,  mosquito;  V, 
diminutive).  Cf.  Taos  qwitolaand;  Isleta  tankincue;  Piro  (Bartlett's 
vocabulary)  "quen-lo-a-tu-ya-e";  Jemez  tiahciFwijd. 

The  inch-long  ill-smelling  black  beetle  of  the  Tewa  country  is 
called  p'eg.apu'sqyde'e  (p'ega,  to  stink  acridly;  pu',  base,  buttocks, 
anus;  say,-  —?;  de'e,~  — ). 

Po'ia'we  (po'j  squash,  pumpkin;  ia',  dry  1-jWe,  —  -  ?)  are  the  same 
Bjspomp*e'j  'squash  lice'  (po',  squash,  pumpkin;  p*e',  head  louse).  The 
names  refer  to  a  kind  of  brown  jumping  bug  seen  on  squash  and 
pumpkin  vines. 

Worms  of  the  most  diverse  kinds — maggots,  larvae,  caterpillars,  and 
almost  any  worm-like  animals — are  called  pv&&' .  A  hairy,  fuzzy  cater 
pillar  is  spoken  of  as  puft%'  p^o'i'*,  'hairy  worm'  (pvftg',  worm;  p*o,. 
hairy,  hair) .  The  larvae  seen  so  plenteously  at  times  on  willow  leaves 
are  called  jyypu!b%',  'willow  worms'  (ja'y,  willow;  pufise' ,  worm). 
Sa'pubze',  'manure  worms'  (sa',  manure;  pub%',  worm)  are  the 
larvae  seen  in  manure;  tape-worms,  pin- worms,  and  other  worms 
infesting  the  intestines  are  also  called  thus. 

Angle-worms  have  a  special  name:  nd'ysi'  (nq'y,  earth;  si',  unex 
plained)  . 

CRUSTACEANS,  MYRIAPODS,  AND  ARACHNIDS 

fse'kq',  'spruce  brownness'  (ise',  Douglas  spruce;  &#*,  buff-brown 
color,  said  to  be  so  called  because  they  are  hairy  like  spruce  trees, 
and  brown)  is  applied  to  any  kind  of  centipede,  millipede,  or  myria- 
pod.  Many  kinds  are  common.  It  is  said  that  one  bitten  by  a 
tse'lca'  will  live  as  many  years  as  the  animal  has  legs,  which  is  usually 
a  considerable  number.  The  legs  are  called  &V,  'arms,'  as  are  also 
the  legs  of  a  spider. 

Scorpions  are  very  scarce.  In  the  summer  of  1911  Mr.  K.  A. 
Fleischer  found  one  about  half  an  inch  long  in  the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles 
Canyon.  The  Tewa  who  have  been  asked  do  not  know  the  name  of 
this  animal. 

Any  kind  of  spider  is  called  '$'w%'.  The  second  syllable  of  the 
word  sounds  just  like  w%',  'tooth/  and  gives  the  name  an  ugly  sound 
to  Tewa  ears.  A  spider  web  is  called  ty'f0#*$fc,  'spider  trap'  ('d'wse', 
spider;  p*e',  trap,  snare).  Tarantulas  also  are  called  'q,'w%',  but  the 
proper  name  is  Jce'iu'puje,  ' bear  back  deerskin '  (kem,  bear,  any  species; 
tu',  back,  spinal  column;  puje,  dressed  skin  of  deer,  elk,  etc.).  They 
are  quite  common.  Their  holes  are  called  p*o',  'hole.'  An  old  Indian 
who  is  usually  very  correct  in  his  identifications  called  a  green  dip 
terous  insect  taken  from  a  Populus  angustifolia  tree  J^ws^'  t 
'blue  or  green  spider'  ('&w%',  spider;  tsq'yw%' ,  blue,  green). 


§ARRIENGTC?N]  ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  61 

MOLLUSKS  l 

The  native  Mollusca  do  not  enter  to  any  extent  into  the  culture  of 
the  Indians  of  this  region  at  the  present  time,  and  probably  the  same 
is  true  with  reference  to  the  former  inhabitants.  It  is  not  unusual 
to  find  marine  shells  in  the  ruins,  especially  Olivella.  They  were 
probably  obtained  by  barter  with  the  peoples  living  to  the  south- 
westward.  At  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  a  few  specimens  of  Olivella 
liplicata  Sowerby  and  one  of  Erato  vitellina  Hinds  were  found.  They 
doubtless  were  brought  from  southern  California  or  from  Lower  Cali 
fornia.  None  of  the  native  land  or  fresh-water  shells  of  the  region 
have  been  found  in  the  ruins,  which  is  not  surprising.  Ashmunetta, 
OreoJielix,  Pliysa,  and  Lymnsea  are  the  only  species  large  enough  to 
be  particularly  noticed,  and  they  do  not  exceed  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  in  greatest  diameter.  This,  it  is  true,  is  as  large  as  the  marine 
shells  commonly  found  in  the  ruins,  but  the  land  shells  do  not  appear 
to  have  become  articles  of  barter,  perhaps  because  they  occur  through 
out  the  region  and  are  therefore  obtainable  nearly  everywhere  and 
further  because  they  are  rather  fragile. 

The  shells  of  mollusks  have  been  used  as  a  medium  of  exchange 
and  as  ornaments,  amulets,  and  ceremonial  objects  by  primitive 
peoples  everywhere.  They  have  been  used  very  extensively  by  the 
Indian  tribes  of  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  coastal  regions  in  North 
America  and  by  them  introduced  into  the  interior.2  Strings  of  beads 
made  from  the  common  Olivella  biplicata  of  the  Pacific  coast,  worn 
about  the  neck  as  ornaments  and  used  in  barter,  found  their  way  into 
Utah,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  southwestern  Colorado,  and  Stearns  3 
tells  us  that  in  New  Mexico  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  was  "witness  to  a 
trade  wherein  the  consideration  for  a  horse  was  a  California  abalone 
shell." 

Bracelets  of  Glycimeris  from  the  Gulf  of  California  have  found  their 
way  as  far  north  and  east  at  least  as  northeastern  Arizona,  where 
they  are  reported,  together  with  Turritella  tigrina,  Conus,  and 
Olivella,  by  Hough,  who  says  4  they  are  found  mostly  in  the  pueblo 
ruins  situated  in  mountain  passes,  probably  along  routes  of  primitive 
travel. 

i  Henderson,  Junius,  Mollusca  from  Northern  New  Mexico,  The  Nautilus,  xxvi,  pp.  80-81, 1912. 

2Holmes,  William  II.,  Art  in  Shell  of  the  Ancient  Americans,  Second  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,for 
1880-81,  pp.  179-305, 1883;  Report  on  the  Ancient  Ruins  of  Southwestern  Colorado,  Examined  During  the 
Summers  of  1875  and  1876,  Tenth  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Sur.  Terr,  for  1876  (Hayden  Survey),  p. 
407,1878.  Stearns,  Robert  E.  C.,  Ethno-Conchology— A  Study  of  Primitive  Money,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Museum  for  1887,  pp.  297-334,  1889.  Powers,  Stephen,  Tribes  of  California,  Contr.  N.  Amer.  Ethn., 
m,pp.  335-38,1877. 

3  Stearns,  R.  E.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  329. 

*  Hough,  Walter,  Archaeological  Field  Work  in  Northeastern  Arizona:  The  Museum-Gates  Expedition 
of  1901,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  for  1901,  p.  295, 1903  (see  also  pp.  300,  305,  338,  344). 


62  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Fewkes  l  mentions  West  Coast  marine  shell  ornaments  in  Arizona, 
made  from  Pectunculus  [Gli/cimeris]  sp.,  Conus  fergusoni,  C.  princeps. 
C.  regularise  Turritella  sp.,  Haliotis  sp.,  Strombus  sp.,  Cardium  sp., 
Melongena  patula,  Oliva  angulata,  and  Oliva  [Olivella]  biplicata  or 
hiatula,  many  of  the  species  having  also  found  their  way  into  New 
Mexico.  He  says  (p.  88) : 

It  is  well  known  that  there  was  a  considerable  trade  in  early  times  in  these  shells, 
and  long  trips  were  taken  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  for  trade  purposes. 

The  intercourse  of  northern  and  southern  peoples  of  Arizona  through  trading  expe 
ditions  continued  to  quite  recent  times,  but  judging  from  the  number  of  specimens 
which  were  found  in  the  ruins  it  must  have  been  considerably  greater  in  prehistoric 
times  than  it  is  at  present.  In  fact,  much  of  the  decline  in  this  traffic  is  probably 
to  be  traced  to  the  modification  of  the  southern  Arizonian  aborigines  and  the  intro 
duction  of  new  ornaments  by  the  whites. 

From  the  ruins  near  Winslow,  Arizona,  the  following  species  of 
Pacific  coast  marine  shells  have  been  reported  by  Fewkes: 2  Pectuncu 
lus  giganteus  Reeve,  Melongena  patula  Rod.  &  Sow.,  Strombus 
galeatus  Wood,  Conus  fergusoni  Sow.,  Cardium  elatum  Sow.,  Oliva 
angulata  Lam.,  Oliva  Tiiatula  Gmelin,  Oliva  ~biplicata  Sew.,  Turritella 
tigrina  Keiner. 

Our  San  Ildefonso  Indian  informants  had  a  distinct  name  for 
Aslimunella,  which  is  common  along  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  in  the 
Jemez  Mountains,  and  probably  in  favorable  localities"  throughout 
the  region.  They  did  not  know  Oreohelix,  three  specimens  of  which 
were  obtained  in  the  Jemez  Mountains.  Pupilla,  although  only  3 
millimeters  in  height  and  1.5  millimeter  in  width,  received  a  special 
name,  being  distinguished  from  the  more  flatly  spired  shells  by  its 
high  spire  and  cylindrical  form.  The  flatter  shells  of  small  size 
(Vallonia,  Zonitoides,  etc.)  were  grouped  under  another  name,  with 
out  distinguishing  species.  One  of  the  Indian  boys,  who  had  never 
noticed  the  snails  before,  was  shown  several  species  under  some  logs. 
He  began  a  search  and  soon  found  a  CoMicopa,  which  differs  markedly 
from  the  species  that  had  been  shown  to  him,  and  he  at  once  recog 
nized  it  as  another  kind  of  snail,  but  our  informants  had  no  distinct 
name  for  it. 

The  mollusks  of  the  region  have  no  apparent  economic  value. 
Conditions  are  not  favorable  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  of  northern 
New  Mexico  for  the  larger  clams,  which  would  have  a  food  value,  and 
none  have  been  found. 

There  appear  to  be  no  published  records  of  bivalve  mollusks 
(Pelecypoda)  for  the  region.  Calyculina  and  Pisidium  have  been 
found  in  the  Rio  Grande  drainage  in  Colorado,  and  the  latter,  if  not 
the  former,  probably  occurs  in  our  area  in  New  Mexico,  wherever 

1  Fewkes,  J.W.,  Two  Summers'  Work  in  Pueblo  Ruins,  Twenty-second  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn., 
part  i,  pp.  88-93,  187,  1904. 

2  Fewkes,  J.W.,  Preliminary  Account  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Pueblo  Ruins  Near  Winslow,  Arizona, 
in  1896,  Smithsonian  Rep.  for  1896,  pp.  529,  530,  535,  536,  1898. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  63 

there  are  perennial  streams.  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  has  a  manu 
script  list  of  New  Mexico  shells  prepared  by  Rev.  E.  H.  Ashmun, 
in  which  Pisidium  is  listed  from  Santa  Fe.  In  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles 
no  aquatic  shells  were  found,  either  bivalve  or  univalve.  Indeed, 
the  scarcity  of  aquatic  animal  life,  except  water  beetles  and  "water 
boatmen,"  may  indicate  that  the  water  does  not  always  flow  in  that 
rivulet  in  very  dry  seasons.  The  only  record  of  an  aquatic  mollusk 
of  any  kind  yet  published  is  PJiysa,  though  Lymnsea  palustris  Muller 
from  Taos,  and  L.  desidiosa  Say  (probably  L.  obrussa  Say)  and 
Planorbis  parvus  Say,  both  from  Santa  Fe,  are  included  in  Ashmun' s 
list. 

Land  snails  are  usually  to  be  found  along  the  bottom  lands,  in  the 
canyons,  and  throughout  the  mountains,  under  cottonwood  and 
aspen  logs,  not  often  among  conifers.  As  the  species  are  mostly  tiny, 
some  of  them  smaller  than  an  ordinary  pin  head,  and  most  of  them 
much  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  it  requires  close 
inspection  to  discover  them.  They  may  be  packed  with  a  little  moss 
or  some  green  leaves  and  shipped  alive  to  conchologists  for  identifi 
cation. 


Ashmunella  thomsoniana  Ancey. 

This  species  is  recorded  from  Santa  Fe  Canyon  and  the  Pecos 
Valley  by  Pilsbry,1  the  localities  being  all  east  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Two  subspecies  are  credited  to  the  Pecos  drainage  in  New  Mexico. 
Other  species  are  recorded  from  south  of  our  area. 

PYofoV,    'little  wood  shell'  (p'e,  stick,  wood;  'ofte,  shell;  V, 
diminutive). 

Ashmunella  asJimuni  Dall. 

The  type  locality  of  this  species  is  Bland,  not  far  from  El  Rito  de 
los  Frijoles.2  The  species  is  very  abundant  at  several  localities  along 
the  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  Five  immature  specimens  from  near  the  top 
of  the  Jemez  Mountains  at  Valle  Grande,  and  four  from  about  hall 
way  to  the  base  of  the  mountains,  may  be  referable  to  this  form, 
though  probably  belonging  to  the  next.  It  is  likely  that  the  San  Ilde- 
fonso  Indian  name  given  to  this  form  would  be  applied  to  the  other 
Ashmunella  species,  as  they  are  so  much  alike  that  they  would  be  sep 
arated  only  by  a  skilled  conchologist  looking  for  slight  differences. 


Ashmunella  asJimuni  robusta  Pilsbry. 

This  subspecies  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  preceding,  and  was 
described  as  from  the  "Jemez  Mountains  near  Bland,  N.  Mex.,  at 
higher  elevations  than  A.  ashmuni"  3 

1  Pilsbry,  Henry  A.,  Mollusca  of  the  Southwestern  States,  I:  Urocoptidae;  Helicidse  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Lvn,  p.  235,  1905. 

2  Dall,  William  H.,  Report  on  the  Mollusks  Collected  by  the  International  Boundary  Commission  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico,  Proc..  U.  S.Nat.  Museum,  xix,  p.  342, 1897.     Pilsbry,  Henry  A.,  op.  cit.,  p,  233. 

3  Pilsbry,  Henry  A.,  op.  cit.,  p.  233. 


64  BUEEAU    OF   AMEKICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

Ashmunella  townsendi  Bartsch. 
Described  from  Ruidoso,  Lincoln  County,  New  Mexico.1 


Oreohelix  strigosa  depressa  Ckll. 

Three  weathered  specimens  which  appear  to  belong  to  some  form 
of  0.  strigosa  Gould  were  found  in  the  Jemez  Mountains  near  Valle 
Grande.  Our  Indian  informants  were  not  familiar  with  them  and 
had  no  name  for  them,  but  did  not  confuse  them  with  Ashmunella. 
Ashmun's  list,  hereinbefore  mentioned,  includes  Oreohelix  concen- 
trata  Dall,  from  near  Bland,  at  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet. 


Pupilla  muscorum  Linne. 
We  found  a  single  specimen  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 


Pupilla  blandi  Morse. 

Abundant  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  and  in  the  Jemez  Mountains 
near  Valle  Grande. 


Bifidaria  pellucida  parvidens  Sterki. 

We  found  one  in  a  canyon  half-way  to  the  top  of  Jemez  Mountains, 
near  Valle  Grande. 


Vertigo  coloradensis  basidens  Pilsbry  &  Vanatta, 
The  type  locality  is  Bland,  New  Mexico.2 


Vertigo  concinnula  Cockerell. 

We  found  two  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  Jemez  Mountains, 
near  Valle  Grande.  It  was  recorded  from  these  mountains  by  Pilsbry 
and  Vanatta  also.3 

CoMicopa  lubrica  Miiller. 
Common  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 


Vallonm  cydophorella  Ancey. 

Common  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  near  Valle  Grande,  and  abundant 
in  the  can3^on  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 

1  Bartsch  in  Smithson.  Misc.  Coll.,  XLVII,  pp.  13-14, 1904. 

2  Pilsbry,  Henry  A.,  and  Vanatta,  Edward  G.,  A  Partial  Revision  of  the  Pupae  of  the  United  States, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  for  1900,  p.  604. 

3  Pilsbry,  Henry  A.,  and  Vanatta,  Edward  G.,  op.  cit..  pp.  599-600. 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE   TEWA  INDIANS  65 


Vitrina  alaskana  Dall. 

We  found  three  small  dead  specimens  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  near 
Valle  Grande,  and  four  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 


Euconulus  trocliiformis  alaskensis  Pilsbry. 

Common  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  and  one  specimen  found  in  the 
Jemez  Mountains  near  Valle  Grande. 


Zonitoides  arbor eus  Say. 

Common  in  the  Jemez  Mountains,  near  Valle  Grande,  and  abundant 
at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles. 


Pyramidula  shimeki  cockerelli  Pilsbry. 

At  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  only  two  specimens  were  found  at  the 
ancient  pueblo,  while  about  two  miles  up  the  canyon  from  the  pueblo 
the  species  was  abundantly  represented. 


Succinea  avara  Say. 

Only  one  specimen  found  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles.  We  dare 
suspect  that  Yarrow's  record  of  S.  strelchiana  Bland  at  Tierra 
Amarilla  *  may  refer  to  this  species. 


PTiysa  sp. 

Yarrow  2  recorded  P.  ancillaria  Say  from  San  Ildefonso,  P.  traskii 
Lea  from  Santa  Fe,  ?P.  D  'Orbigniana  Lea  and  P.  warreniana  Lea 
from  Abiquiu,  and  P.  altonensis  from  Pescado.  It  is  likely  that  these 
identifications  are  partly  or  wholly  wrong,  but  evidently  one  or  more 
species  of  Physa  occur  in  the  region. 

Yarrow's  record  of  Pyramidula  perspectiva  Say  at  San  Ildefonso  3 
is  probably  something  else,  possibly  P.  cronkhitei  anthonyi. 

P'u'p'e',  'rabbit-brush  louse'  (pV,  rabbit-brush;  p'e',  head  louse). 
Pupilla  sp. 

The  species  were  consistently  called  thus  whether  found  on  rabbit- 
brush  bushes  or  elsewhere.  (See  p.  59.) 

We  have  attempted  to  record  all  the  Tewa  names  for  species  of 
Mollusca  or  their  shells,  and  with  this  intent  we  have  spent  consider 
able  time  examining  collections  of  shells  with  a  number  of  Indians. 

1  Yarrow,  H.  C.,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Terrestrial  and  Fluviatile  Mollusca  Made  in  Portions  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona  During  the  Years  1872,  1873,  and  1874,  U.  S.  Geog.  Explor.  & 
Surv.  W.  of  100th  Mend.  (Wheeler  Survey),  v,  p.  936,  1875. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  939,940,941. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  932. 


66  BUBEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  56 

The  Tewa  were  familar  with  mollusks  living  in  their  own  country, 

id  also  with  shells  of  mollusks  obtained  from  other  tribes  and  used 
for  ceremonial  or  other  purposes. 

The  general  name  for  fresh-water  snails  is  'ofie,  a  word  applied  also 
to  some  kinds  of  marine  mollusks  and  their  shells.  (See  below.) 

Slugs  are  called  puft%',  a  name  which  is  applied  to  any  worm! ike 
animal.  (See  under  the  discussion  of  insects,  page  60.) 

Only  the  shells  of  marine  mollusks  are  known,  although  our  inform 
ants  had  quite  a  correct  idea  of  what  the  living  animals  are  like. 

The  following  terms  referring  to  shells  were  recorded:  'ribe  pi^i'*, 
'red  shell'  ('obe,  shell;  pi',  red);  'ofje  fig.iyffi*,  'flat  shell.'  ('ribe,  shell; 
t'iyiy,  flat  and  roundish);  'obemapi'i'*,  'spiral  shell'  ('obe,  shell;  mapi, 
spiral,  twisted);  'obe  Jca''iH,  'thick  shell'  ('obe,  shell;  lea,',  thick); 
'obe  lco''iH,  'rough  shell'  ('obe,  shell;  Ico' ,  rough);  'obe  pa''iH,  'rough 
shell  with  surface  cracked'  ('obe,  shell',  tpa' ,  cracked,  chapped); 
'obe  yws^''iH,  'spiny  shell'  ('cite,  shell;  yw%',  spiny,  spine;  spiky, 
spike,  thorny,  thorn).  To  pectens  the  term  'dbe  Jieg.e  wigewigie'i'*, 
'shell  wavy  with  little  grooves'  ('obe,  shell;  heg.e,  arroyito,  rivulet, 
groove;  wig.ewig.e,  wavy,  undulating,  sinuous)  is  applied.  To  pectens 
and  also  to  other  bivalves  with  undulating  edge  the  term  'obe  pyywsfi 
sse,'ywi'iH,  'beautiful  zigzagged  shell'  ('obe,  shell;  py,yw%,  beautiful  to 
look  at;  s%"gwi,  zigzagged,  zigzag)  is  applied. 

The  ab alone  shell  is  called  'eji.  This  is  the  kind  of  shell  which  the 
Salt  Old  Woman  used  as  a  handkerchief,  according  to  a  Santa  Clara 
myth  obtained  by  Miss  B.  W.  Freire-Marreco.  The  'eji  which  she 
had  was  soft  as  a  handkerchief.  A  large  ab  alone  shell  is  sometimes 
called  'ejisze'sewe,  'ab alone  vessel'  ('eji,  abalone;  s%'%we,  bowl-shaped 
vessel) .  Abalone  shells  are  frequently  referred  to  with  accompanying 
color-denoting  adjectives.  Thus  'eji  &&'i'*]  'white  abalone  shell' 
('ejij  abalone  shell;  is%',  white) ;  'eji  tsq-'yw%m'i'i,  'blue  or  green  abalone 
shell'  ('eji,  abalone  shell;  tsq'ywzg',  blue,  green);  'eji  Fse'td'aydi'*, 
'yellow  painted  abalone  shell7  ('ejif  abalone  shell;  tse',  yellow;  ty'qy, 
painted) . 

A  mussel  shell  and  a  razor  clam  shell  were  also  called  'eji,  how 
correctly  we  are  not  certain.  Beads  made  of  abalone  shell  are 
called  'ejikwa'a,  'abalone  beads'  ('eji,  abalone;  Icwa'a,  bead). 

Cowrie  shells,  coffee  shells,  and  the  like,  are  called  'oga.  Descriptive 
adjectives  are  often  added.  The  term  'og.a  is  also  applied  to  olivella 
shells,  whelk  shells,  and  the  like. 

There  is  some  kind  of  spiral  univalve  which  is  called  tinini.  Inspec 
tion  of  large  collections  of  shells  with  the  informants  failed  to  reveal 
what  kind  of  shell  this  may  be.  The  tinini  are  described  as  being 
about  an  inch  long.  They  are  worn  by  the  Kosa  or  Chifonetes  on 


ETHNOZOOLOGY   OF    THE    TEWA   INDIANS  67 

certain  occasions.  *  Miss  B.  W.  Freire-Marreco  has  seen  them,  but 
has  not  identified  them. 

A  kind  of  large,  thick,  flat  shell,  evidently  a  bivalve,  is  called 
tscuamy,.  Not  even  all  of  the  older  people  at  San  Ildefonso  know 
this  shell  or  its  name.  Our  informants  were  not  sure  with  regard  to 
its  color. 

A  kind  of  white,  flat  shell  about  6  inches  across  is  called  tsse/t'a^ 
'white  flat'  (tsse',  white;  t'a-,  flat  and  roundish).  The  tsse-£a-  was 
sometimes  worn  on  the  breast  of  Tewa  men.  It  was  also  cut  up  and 
made  into  beads. 

A  kind  of  large  spiral  univalve  from  which  beads  were  formerly 
made  is  called  po'tsuny. 

A  sort  of  shell  described  as  white,  cylindrical,  2  inches  or  more 
long  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  is  called  Fs^'wije. 
These  shells,  which  were  highly  valued,  were  strung  and  worn  as 
necklaces.  Now  only  bone  imitations  of  these  shells  are  to  be  found 
at  the  Tewa  pueblos,  but  these  are  also  called  tsse^wije.  The  name 
tsse'wije  sounds  like  ' white  two'  (&9*,  white;  wije,  two),  but  this 
makes  no  sense. 

Hodge  gives  Kwdtsei-tdoa  as  a  SheU  Bead  clan  of  San  Ildefonso. 
Kwa'a  fjur'i1*  towa  means  ' white  bead  clan'  (kwa'a,  bead  made  of 
any  substance,  not  necessarily  shell;  &%',  white;  towa,  person, 

people). 

THE  LOWER  INVERTEBRATES 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  lower  forms  of  invertebrate  life  of 
northern  New  Mexico,  and  from  an  ethnological  point  of  view  such 
forms  are  mostly  unimportant.  While  some  of  the  pathological  Pro 
tozoa  must  have  had  an  important  bearing  on  the  health  of  the  ancient 
peoples  of  this  region,  just  as  they  affect  the  present  population,  as 
active  agents  in  the  spread  of  disease,  yet  such  minute  objects  could 
not  have  been  known  to  people  who  had  no  microscopes.  It  is  not 
likely  that  any  of  the  other  phyla  below  the  Mollusca  are  well  repre 
sented  here,  if  they  occur  at  all,  except  the  worms  and  their  allies, 
and  very  little  work  appears  to  have  been  done  with  respect  to  them. 
Verrill 1  reported  two  unnamed  varieties  of  leech,  one  at  Taos  and  I/ 
one  at  San  Ildefonso.  We  collected  no  specimens  and  so  obtained 
neither  Indian  names  for  nor  Indian  lore  concerning  them. 

1  Verrill,  A.  E.,  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Fresh  Water  Leeches  Made  in  Portions  of  Nevada,  Utah, 
Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona  During  the  Years  1872,  1873,  and  1874,  U.  S.  Geog.  Explor.  &  Surv. 
H".  nf  100th  Merid.,  Final  Re-port,  v,  p.  965,  1875. 


68  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [BULL.  50 

CORAL  /    %;, 

Ku'pi',  'red  stone'  (ku'}  stone;  pi' ,  red). 
Red  coral. 

Red  coral  beads  were  obtained  by  the  Tewa  from  tribes  living  in 
the  south.  The  beads  were  usually  already  made  and  strung  when 
the  Tewa  obtained  them.  The  beads  were  called  either  Jcu'pi'  simply, 
or  Icu'pi'Jcwa'a,  'red  coral  beads'  (ttr,  stone;  pi',  red;  Jcwa'a,  bead). 
No  other  kind  or  color  of  coral  seems  to  have  been  known  to  the 
Tewa. 

As  Coral  clans  of  various  pueblos  Hodge  gives:  San  Juan,  Kopin- 
tdoa;  Santa  Clara,  Kupi-toda;  San  Ildefonso,  Kupin-tdod;  Tesuque, 
Kupin-tdoa;  San  Felipe,  Ydscha-Jidno  (coral  ^bead).  Hodge,  quot 
ing  Fewkes,  also  gives  Kopeli-towa  as  a  Pink  Conch  Shell  clan  of 
Hano.  The  Rio  Grande  Tewa  know  110  such  shell.  (Can  it  be  for 
Ku'pi'  ?) 


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INDEX  OF  ZOOLOGICAL  NAMES 


Page 

A  eronautes  melanoleucus  (  Baird)  .............  39 

Agelaius  phaniceus  fortis  Ridgway  ...........  41 

neutralis  R  idgway  .......  41 

A  Iburncllus  jemezanus  Cope  ..................  55 

simus  ...........................  65 

ALLIGATOR  ...................................  50 

A  mbystoma  mavortium  Baird  ................  52 

tigrinum  (Green)  ................  .  $2 

trisruptum  Cope  ................  .  62 

AMPHIBIANS  ................................  52 

A  nguilla  rostrata  (Le  Sueur)  .................  56 

tyrannus  Girard  ....................  56 

Anota  modesta  Girard  ........................  49 

A  user  albifrons  gambeli  Hartlaub  .............  33 

ANT  .........................................  58 

ANTELOPE  ..................................  2,  3,  15 


Antilocapra  americana  (Ord.) 

Aphelocoma  woodhousei  (Baird) 

A  quila  chrysaetos  (Linn.) 

ARACHNIDS 

Archilochus  alexandri  (Boure.  &  Mul.) 


15 
39 
37 
60 
39 
A  shmunella  ............................  6,  61,  62,  64 

ashmuni  ........................  63,  64 

ashmuni  Dall  ..................        63 

robusta  Pilsbry  .........        63 

thomsoniana  Ancey  .  ,  ...........        63 

townsendi  Bartsch  ...............       64 

Asio  flammeus  (Pont.)  .............  .  ........        37 

wilsonianus  (  Lesson)  ...................        37 

Astragalinus  psaltria  psaltria  (Say)  ...........        42 

A  syndesmus  lewisi  Riley  .....................        38 

AUCHENIA  ...................................       6 

BADGER  ....................................  5,  8,  24 

Bseolophus  inornatus  griseus  (Ridgway)  ......        44 

BAT  .......................................  9,  10.  12 

BATRACHIANS  ...............................        52 

BEAR  .............................  1,  2,  4,  5,  8,  11,24 

BEAVER  .....................................       21 

BEDBUGS  .....  '.  ..............................       59 

BEETLE  .....................................       60 

Bernicla  brenta  Steph  ........................        33 

Bifidaria  pdlucida  parvidcns  Sterki  ...........        64 

"  BIG  CHIPMUNK  "  ...........................  21  ,  22 

BIGHORN.    See  MOUNTAIN  SHEEP. 

BIRDS  .................................  2,  4,  6,  10,  33 

BISON  ......................................  3,4,  13 

Bison  bison  (Linn.)  ..........................        13 

BLACKBIRD  ...............  ;  ...........  .  ____  5,  41  ,  46 

Branta  bernicla  glaucogaslra  (  Brehm)  .........        33 

canadensis  canadensis  (Linn.)  ........        33 

Bubo  virginianus  pallescens  Stone  ............        37 

BUFFALO.    See  BISON. 

Bufo  cognatus  Say  .........................  .  _        53 

Icn'iginosus  woodhousei  (Girard)  ........        52 


BUMBLEBEE 

Buteo  borealis  calurus  Cassin. 
swainsoni  Bonaparte . 
BUTTERFLY  . . 


Page 
5S 
36 
30 

.     59 


Callipepla  squamata  squamata  (Vigors) 33 

Callospcrmophilus  latcralis  (Say) 22 

Calyculina 62 

CAMEL 31 

CANARY 45 

Canis  estor  Merriam 28 

nubilis  Say 28 

Cardium  elatum  Sow 62 

Carpodacus  cassini  Baird 41 

familiaris „ 42 

frontalis  Say 42 

mcxicanvsfrontaUs  (Say) 41 

obscurus  Nobis 42 

Castor  canadensis  frondat or  M earns 21 

CAT 29 

Cathartes  aura septentrionalis  Wied 36 

Cathcrpes  mcxicanus  conspcrsus  Ridgway 34 

CATTLE 2,9, 31 

CENTIPEDE 60 

Ccntroccrcus  urophaxianvs  ( Bonaparte) 34 

Ceratichthys  sterletus  Cope 56 

Cervvs  canadensis l«3 

Erxl 15 

merriami  Nelson 16 

CHAPARRAL  COCK 37 

Chen  hypcrborcus  hyperboreus  ( Pallas) 33 

CHICKADEE 44 

CHICKAREE 22 

CHICKEN 34, 35 

CHIPMUNK 8, 22 

Chondcstcs  grammacus  strigatus  Swainson 42 

Chordeilcs  virginianus  henry i  Cassin 38 

Cinclus  mexicanus  unicolor  Bonaparte 46 

Citellus  grammurus 21 

tridecemlincatus  Mitch 21 

pallidus  Allen 21 

variegatus  grammurus  (Say) 21 

Cnemidophorus  gularis  Baird  &  Girard 50 

octolincatux  Baird 49 

scxlinealus  ( Linn. ) 49 

tessellatus  perplexus  (Baird  & 

Girard) 49 

Cochlicopa 62 

lubrica  Miiller 64 

Colaptes  cafcr  collaris  Vigors 38 

Conus 61 

fergusoni 62 

Sow 62 

princeps 62 

regularis 62' 

73 


74 


INDEX 


Page 

CORAL 10, 68 

Cnrvus  bracliyrhynclios  brachyrhynchos  Brehm.  40 

hesperis  Ridgway 40 

cryptoleucus 41 

Couch 40 

Corynorhinus  macrotis  pallescens  Miller 12 

COTTONTAIL 18 

COUGAR 30 

Cow 31 

COYOTE : 5, 11, 28 

CRANE 33, 46 

Crotalus  conflucntu$  confluentus  (Say) 51 

Crotaphytus  collaris  baileyi  (Stejneger) 47 

CROW 40 

CRUSTACEANS 60 

Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica  ( Gmelin) 37 

Cyanocephalus  cyanocephalus  ( Wied) 41 

Cyanocitta  stelleri  diademata  (Bonaparte) 39 

Cyanocorax  cassinii 41 

Cynomys  gunnisoni  (Bainl) 21 

DEER 1,2,3,4,5,6,11,16,17 

DEER-MOUSE 20, 21 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  (Say) 34 

Dendroica  auduboni  audubon i  (Townsend) 43 

DIPPER 46 

DOG 5,6,25 

DONKEY .. 31 

DOVE 4,35 

Dryobates  villosus  leucothorectis  Oberholser 38 

monticola  Anthony 38 

DUCK >  4, 5, 33 


4,6,36 

56 

32 

.  1,2,3,4,15 

21 

61 

18 


EAGLE 

EEL 

ELEPHANT 

ELK 

Epimys  norvegicus  (Erxl.) 

Rrato  vitellina  Hinds 

Erethizon  epixanthum  Brandt 

Euconulus  trochiformis  alaskensis  Pilsbry . ...  65 

Eumeces  obsoletus  (Baird  &  Girard) 49 

Eiit&nia  eques  aurata  Cope 50 

ornata  Baird 50 

sirtalis  dorsalis  Baird  &  Girard 50 

Eutamias  quadrivittatus  (Say) 22 

Fe Us  hippolestes  Merriam 30 

Fiber  zibcthicus  osoyoosensis  Lord lg 

paUidus  Mearns 19 

FINCH 41, 42 

FISHES 1, 3, 10, 54 

FLICKER 38 

FLY 59 

JFox 5, 29 

FROGS 10, 52, 53 

Geococcyx  calif ornianus  (Lesson) 37 

Geothlynis  trichas  occiderttaUs  Brewster 43 

GlLA  MONSTER 47 

Gilo,  pandora  Cope 55 

GIRAFFE 31 

Glavcidium  gnoma  pinicola  Nelson 37 

•Glycimeris 61, 62 

15 


GRASSHOPPER 

GROSBEAK 

GROUSE 

Grus  canadensis  (Linn.) 

GUINEA  PIG 

Gymnoqyps  californianus  (Shaw). 


GOAT 

GOLDFINCH  .. 
•GOPHER , 

cGOOSE... 


Halixetus  leucocephalus  leucocephalus  (Linn.). 

Haliotis  sp 

HARE 

HAWK 

HERON 

Hetcrodon  nasicus  nasicus  (Baird  <t  Girard).. 

Holbrookia  maculata  maculata  (Girard) 

Homo  sapiens 9 

HORNET 

HORNYHEAD • 

HORSE 2, 9, 11 

HUMMINGBIRD 

Hybognathus  nuchalis  Agassiz 

Hybopsis  szstivalis  (Girard) 

Hylocichla  fuscescens  salidcola  Ridgway 

TTi/pxilepis  iris  Cope 

INSECTS  

INVERTEBRATES,  LOWER 

Iridoprocnc  bicolor  ( Vieillot) 


59 
43 

4,34 
33 
17 
36 

36,37 
62 
17 

4,6,36 
46 
50 
47 

,11,12 
59 
56 

,26,30 
4,39 
55 
56 
-!! 
.55 

16 
67 

1:; 


JACKRABBIT 7. 17 

JAY 4, 39, 40, 41 

JUNCO 42 

Junco  pJigeonotus  caniccps  (Woodhouse) 42 

dorsalis  Henry 42 

KlLLDEER 46 

Lagopus  leucurus  altipetens  Osgood 34 

leucurus  (Swainson) 34 

LARK  SPARROW .' 42 

LEECH 67 

Lepus  bairdi  Ha}^den 17 

californicus  teiianus  Waterhouse 17 

callotis  Wagler '  17 

campestris  Bach •  17 


LICE 59 

LIZARDS 10, 47 

LLAMA 6 

LOCUST 59 

Lutra  canadensis  (Schreber) 23 

so?ioraRhoads 23 

Lutreola  vison  energumenos  Bangs 23 

Lymnsea 61 

desidiosa  Say 63 

obrussa  Say 63 

palustris  Miiller 63 

MACAW 45 

MAGPIE 39 

Marmota  flaviventer  (Aud.  &  Bach) 21 

MARTEN 23 

Martes  caurina  origenes  Rhoads 23 

MEADOWLARKS 5 

Melanerpes  erythrocephalus  (Linn.) 38 

Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  Nelson 34 

Melongena  patula. 62 

Rod.  &  Sow <J2 

Melospiza  fallax 42 

melodia  montana  Henshaw 42 

Mephitis  mesomelas  varians  Gray 24 


INDEX 


75 


Page 

Microtus  mordax  Merriam 19 

Mimus  polyglottos  leucopterus  (Vigors) 43 

MINK 23 

MOCKINGBIRD 43 

MOLLUSKS 61 

MONKEY 12 

MOSQUITOES (>0 

MOUNTAIN  LION , 30 

MOUNTAIN  SHEEP 1,3,4,14,15 

MOUSE IS,  19, 20, 21 

MULE 31 

MUSKRAT 19  ; 

Mus  musculus  Linn 21  j 

-Mustela  americana  Turton 23  j 

arizonensis  Mearns 23  ' 

streatori  leptus  Merriam 23  ; 

Myadestes  townsendi  (Aud.) 44  J 

Myotis  lucifugus  longicrus  (True) 12  i 

MYKIAPODS <:0  j 

Xeoloma  albigula  Hartley 19 

cinerea  orolestes  Merriam 20  I 

mexicana  fallax  Merriam 20 

XIGHTHAWK 38  j 

Notropis  dilectus  Girard 55 

lutrensis  Baird  and  Girard 55 

simus  Cope 55 

Nucifraga  columbiana  (Wilson) 41 

NUTCRACKER 40, 41 

NUTHATCH 4, 44 

Odocoilcus  americanus  macrourus  (Raf.) 17 

hemionus  (Raf. ) 16 

Olii'a  anyulata 62 

Lam 62 

biplicata  Sow 62  i 

hiatula  Gmelin 62  '> 

Clivclla 61   i 

biplicata  Sowerby 61  j 

Oreohelix 61, 62  | 

concentrata  Dall 64  I 

strigosa  depressa  Ckll 64  j 

Gould 64 

OTTER 23 

Otus  asio  aikeni  ( Brewster) 37 

flammeolus  flammeolus  (Kaup) 37  I 

Oils  canadensis  Shaw 14,15  j 

OWL.. 4,ii,ll,37  ; 

Pantosteus  jarrovii  (Cope) 55  j 

plebeius  Baird  &  G  irard 55  ! 

Passer  domesticus  (Linn. ) 43  j 

PEACOCK 45  J 

Pectunculus  giganteus  Reeve 62  ! 

Pelecypoda 62  j 

Penthestes  atricapillusseptentnonalis  (Harris).  44  i 

gambeli  gambeli  (Ridgway) 44 

Perisoreus  canadensis  capitalis  Ridgway 40  , 

Perognathus  apache  Merriam 19  j 

flavescens  Merriam 19  ! 

flatus  Baird 19 

Peromyscus  leucopus  tornillo  (Mearns) 20 

maniculatus  rufinus  (Merriam). .  20 

truei  (Shufeldt) 20  ', 

Phalsenoptilus  nuttalli  nuttalli  (Aud .) 38  : 

Phlcfotomus  abieticola  (Bangs) 38 

Phrynosoma  cornutum  Harlan 49 

doufflassii  hernandesi  ( Girard ) . . .  4S 

ornatissimum(Gir9nJi).  4S 


Page 

Physa 61 , 63 

altonenxis 65 

ancillaria  Say 65 

D'Orbigniana  I^ea 65 


traskii 

warreniana  Lea 
Pica  pica  hudsonia  (Sabine) 
Picicorvus  columbinus 
Picoides  americanus  dorsalis  Baird 
PIGEON 

"  PINE  SQUIRREL  " 
Pipilo  arcticuy 

maculatus  montanus  Swarlh 


Pinidium 

Pityophis  catenifcr  sayi  (Schlegel) 

<tayi  mexicanus  Dum.  &  Bib 
Planesticus    migmtoriuK    propinquus    (Rid 
way)  ....................... 

Planorbis  parvus  Say 

POOR-WILL 

PORCUPINE 

PRAIRIE  DOG 

Procyon  lotor  Linn 

PRONGHORN  -----  ................  . 

PTARMIGAN 
PUMA 


Pupilla 

blandi  Morse  ........................ 

muscorum  Linnt'1 
Putorius  longicauda  Merriam 
Pyramidula  cronkhitei  anthonyi  ........ 

perspectiva  Say 

>ihimeki  cockerelJi  Pilsbrv.  .  . 


65 
65 
39 
40 
38 
4,45 
22 
43 
42 
43 

62, 63 
50 
50 

44 
63 

38 
18 
21 
25 
15 
34 
5,30 
62,65 
64 
64 
23 
65 
65 
65 


QUAIL  .......................................        33 

RABBIT  ..................................  4,  5,  7,  17 

RACCOON  ....................................       25 

Rana  halecina  berlandieri  (  Kalm)  Cope  .......        53 

haledna  (Kalm)  Cope  .........        53 

pipiens  Schreber  .......................  .  -  '-fil 

virescens  brachycephala  Cope  ...........        53 

RAT  .................................  8,  19,  20,  21,  32 

RATTLESNAKE  ...............................  46,  51 

RAVEN  ...............  ......................       40 

REDTAIL  ....................................       36 

RED-WING  ...................................    5,  41 

46 
56 
56 
55 
37 
4  44 


REPTILES 

Rhinichthys  cataract  x  dulcis  G  irard 

maxillosus  Cope 

Richardsonius  pulchellus  pandora  (Cope) 
ROAD-RUNNER 
ROBIN 


SAGE  HEN  ...................................  34 

SALAMANDERS  ............................  10,  52,  53 

Salmo  mykiss  spilurns  Cope  ..................  55 

pleuriticus  Cope  .......................  56 

Salpinctes  obsoletus  obsolelus  [Say]  ...........  43 

SAPSUCKER  .................................  38 

Sceloporus  tristichus  .........................  48 

undulatus  consobrinus   (Baird    & 

Girard)  .........................  48 

Sciurus  aberti  Woodhouse  ...................  22 

fremonti  Aud.  &  Bach  ...............  22 

ncomexicanus  ............  '.  .  .  23 

SCORPIONS  ..................................  60 

Selasphorus  platycercus  (Swainson)  ..........  39 

rufus  (Gmelin)  ................  .  .  39 


76 


INDEX 


Page 

SHEEP 2, 14 

SHELLS 61 

Sialia  mexicana  bairdi  Ridgway 45 

Sitta  carolinensis  nelsoni  Mearns 44 

pygmsea  pygmsea  Vigors 44 

SKINK 47, 49 

SKUNK 24 

SLUGS 66 

SNAILS 59, 63,66 

SNAKES 10, 46, 50 

SOLITAIRE 44 

SPARROW 4, 42, 43 

Spelerpes  multiplicatus  Cope 52' 

Speotyto  cunicularia  hypogaea  ( Bonaparte) 37 

SPERMOPHILE,  STRIPED 21 

Spliyrapicus  thyroideus  (Cassin) 38 

SPIDER 10, 60 

Spilogale  gracilis  saxatilis  Merriam 24 

tennis  Howe'll 24 

Spizdla  breweri  Cassin 42 

SQUIRREL 4,8,21, 22 

Stellula  calliope  (Gould) 39 

Strix  occidentaiis  occidentaiis  (Xantus) 37 

Strombus  galeatus  Wood 62 

Succinea  avara  Say 65 

stretchiana  Bland 65 

SUCKER 55 

SWALLOW 43 

SWEET-WATER  DACE 56 

SWIFT  (BIRD) 39 

SWIFT  (LIZARD) 46, 47 

SWINE 9,32 

Sylvilagus  auduboni.  neomexicanus  Nelson 18 

warreni  Nelson 18 

nuttalli  pinetis  (Allen) 18 

Tachycineta  thalassina  lepida  Mearns 43 

Tamiasciurus  (subgenus) 23 

TARANTULAS 60 

Taxidea  taxu-s  Schreber 24 

Thamnophis  eques  (Reuss) 50 

Thomomys  aureus  pervagus  Merriam 19 

THRUSH 44 

TITMOUSE 44 

TOADS 10, 52, 53 

TORTOISE 10, 52 

TOWHEE 42 

Troglodytes  a'edon  parkma n i  Audu boil 44 

TROUT...  54 


Page 

TURKEY 1, 2, 4, 6, 34 

Turritella 62 

tigrina 61 

Keiner 62 

TURTLE 10, 52 

Urocoptidx 63 

Urocyon  cinereo-argentateus  Schreber 29 

cinereoargcntcus  scotti  Mearns 29 

Ursus  americanus  Pallas 24 

horribilis  horriseus  Baird 24 

Ord 24 

Cta  lev  is  Stejneger 48 

ornate  Baird  &  Girard 48, 50 

stansburiana  Baird  &  Girard 4S 

Vallonia 62 

ci/dophorella  Ancey 64 

Vertigo  coloradensis   basidens  Pilsbry  &   Va- 

natta 64 

concinnula  Cockerel  1 64 

Vitrina  alaskana  Dall 65 

VOLE 19 

VULTURE  . .  36 


WAPITI 

WARBLER 

WASP 

WATER  OUZEL 

WEASEL 

WILDCAT 

WOLF 

WOODCHUCK .  . 
WOODPECKER  . 

WORMS 

WREN  . . . 


Xanthocephalus  xanihoccphalus  (Bonaparte) .  41 

YELLOW-THROAT 43 

Zamelodia  mclanocephala  (Swainson) 43 

Za menis  constrictor  flaviventris  (Say) 50 

vetustum 50 

Zapus  lutcus 18 

princeps  Allen 18 

ZEBRA 31 

Zenaidvra  macroura  marginella  (Woodhouse).  35 

Zonitoides' 62 

arbor  cuts  Say 65 


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